"Relata refero."

"Historia magistra vitae est."

"Repetitio est mater studiorum."

"Melle dulcior fluebat oratio."

"Per aspera ad astra."

“Disce, puer, quid dulcius est quam discere multa?”

"Et prodesse volunt et delectare poetae."

"Poetae nascuntur, oratores fiunt."

"Melle dulcior fluebat oratio."

"Non scholae sed vitae discimus."

"Aliena laudatis, vestra ignoratis."

"Unum castigabis, centum emendabis."

"Beatus est, qui prodest, cui potest.Gauda principium nostri sunt sape doloris." "Honores mutant mores."

"Patriam amamus, nonquia magna est, sed quia nostra. Ibi patria, ubi bene."

"Errare humanum est."

"Dictum ac factum."

"Alit aemulatio ingenia."

"Naturam mutare difficile est."

"O nomen dulce libertatis!"

"Patria carior (Carius) mihi est quam vita mea."

"Nive candidior aut lacte candidior poetae dicunt."

"Aetas dulcissima adulescentia est."

"Rogantibus potius quam imperantibus paremus."

"Amantes – amentes."

"Omnia sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo."

"Plato unus est pro centum milibus."

"Liber est, qui nulli turpitudini servit."

"Neminem captivabimus, nisi iure victum."

Quid leges sine moribus?"

"Spodziewam przeciw nadzieji."

"Sum, quod eris; quod es, antea fui."

"Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur."

"Tempora si fuerint nubile, solus eris."

"Scio me nihil scire."

"Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies!"

"Sit venia verbo!"

"Silentium videtur confessio."

"Fortuna dicitur caeca."

"Id facilius est dictum quam factu."

"Nihil est veritatis luce dulcius."

"Sua cuique sponsa videtur pulcherrima."

"Qui tacet, consentire videtur."

"Nihil lacrima citius arescit."

"Si vales, bene est, ego valeo."

"Duobus litigantibus, tertius gaudet."

"Crescente periculo crescunt vires."

"Nihil est agricultura melius, nihil homine libero digniu – affirmaverunt Romani."

"Usus est magister optimus."

"Discipulus Est priori posteriori dies."

"Salus populi suprema lex!"

"Legendi semper occasio Est, audiendi non semper."

"Hominis mens diligenter discendo alitur et cogitando."

"Mutatis mutandis."

"Una salus victis nullam sperare saltutem."

"Non pudet hominess bella gerere gerendaque bella liberis trader?"

"Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere posit."

"Faciendum id nobis est."

"Multi modii salis simul edendi sint, ut amicum verum cognoscas."

"Sunt tempora gaudendi, sunt tempora dolendi."

"Hic mortui vivunt, hic muti loquuntur."

"Aequat mones cinis."

"Ignoscito semper alteri, numquam tibi!"

"Non satis est pulchra esse poemata, dulcia sunto!"

"Quia natura matuari non potest, idcirco verae admicitae sempiternae sunt."

"Nihil videbimus, quia sero advenimus."

"Ignis, mare, mulier – tria mala."

"Non est satis unius opinion."

"Epicurus voluptatem summum bonum esse vult, summumque malum dolorem."

"Aliena vitia repredendi quisque mavult quam sua."

"Si vis pacem, para iustitiam!"

"Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt."

"Nolens volens."

"Et prodesse volunt et delectare poetae."

"Stultum facit fortuna, quem vult perdere."

"Haurit aquam cribro, qui discere vult sine libro."

"Pax intrantibus, salus exeuntibus."

"Sic itur ad astra."

"Poetae nascuntur, oratores fiunt."

"Utere blanditiis odiosaque iurgia differ, Si potes – aut gressus ad tua teca refer!"

"Nemo iudex in sua causa."

"Alea iacta est."

"Ex pluribus unum."

"Annuit coeptis."

"Novus ordo secolorum."

"Libertas non nihilo acquiritur."

"Ego fiim via, veritas, vita."

"Male parta male dilabuntur."

"Nemo prudens punit, quia peccatum eft, fed, ne peccetur."

"Omnia mea mecum porto."

"Nihil agendo homines male agere discunt."

"Silentio ad aurum est---tacerea este de aur."

"Difficile est tacere cum doleas."

"Omnia munda mundis."

"Quod est inferius est sicut quod est superius, et quod est superius est sicut quod est inferius."

“Ubi deficiunt humana consilia ibi incipiunt Divina auxilia.”

“Analogiae regnare."

"Principiis obsta; sero medicina paratur cum mala per longas convalvere moras." Ovid 11 AD

"Regis ad exemplum totus componitur orbis."

„Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.“ Horace

"Omne principium difficile."

"Exemplis discimus."

"Invidia gloriae umbra est."

"Et tu Brute contra me?!"

"Littera docet, littera nocet."

"Quidquid discis tibi discis!"

"Festina lente!"

"Nulla est medicina sine lingua latina."

"Vade mecum."

"Omne mea meam porto." 



"Hodie mihi cras tibi."

"Suae quisque fortunae fober est."

"Ut seres ita metes."

"Derec eris felix multos numerabis amicos." Owidiusz

"Lingua prodesse et obesse potest."

"Beatus est qui prodest cui potest."

"Ut salutabis ita salutaberis."

"Manus nanum lavat."

"Ab ovo."

"Alea iacta est."

"Signum temporis."

"Tempus fugit."

"Homo homini lupus est."

"O tempora o mores."

"Eh, vae victis."

"Malum necessarium."

"Regis ad exemplum totus componitur orbis."

"Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia."

"Malo aliquid aliquando accidit facere boni." Martialis

"Vincit omnia veritas."

"Initium sapientiae timor domini."

"Incidit in scyllam cupiens vitare charybdim."

"Providentia mater divitiarum."

"Suum cuiqie."

"Simia simia est, etiamsi aurea gestet insignia."

"Incidit in scyllam cupiens vitare charybdim."

„Plus quam ratio vis.“

„Odi profanum vulgus et arceo, favete linguis.“ Horace

„Mens agitat molem.“ Virgil

“Life is unfathomable and that is part of its dramatic beauty and its charm. So is the fact that we know nothing about our own future, except that some day we will die.” Vaclav Havel

“The political spectrum was not as wide as it is today, so voting for parties was easier.” Vaclav Havel

“A democracy is recognized by the degree to which it gives a voice to minorities.” Vaclav Havel

“Condemnation of the tyranny of reason provided inspiration for the existentialist belief that human action becomes simply the expression of a biological urge to self-assertion.” Foedor Doestoevsky

“The job of the artist is to speak truth.” Belinsky

“God had been invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals, however, in creating God in his own image, he had alienated himself from himself. He had created another being in contrast to himself, reducing himself to a lowly, evil creature who needed both church and government to guide and control him.” Feuerbach

“The idea of alienation to private property causes humans to work only for themselves, not for the good of their species. A communist society overcomes the Dehumanizing effect of private property. “ Marx

“Human thought was determined by social and economic forces, particularly those related to the means of production.” Marx & Engel’s

“Limit the pretensions of so-called speculative reason. Reason was a creative, active force and that it’s a priori categories and concepts are crucial in the formation of experience.” Kant

“Reality is Absolute Mind, Reason, or Spirit, which manifests itself in both natural and human history. This Mind is universal and therefore cannot be identified with the mind of any particular person. Rather, each particular mind is an aspect of this World Mind (Weltgeist), and the consciousness and rational activity of each person is a phase of the Absolute itself. This activity of Mind is dialectical in nature. In this development, known as the Hegelian DIALECTIC, one concept, the thesis, is followed by its opposite, the antithesis; the ensuing conflict between the two is brought together at a higher level as a new concept, or synthesis, which becomes the thesis of yet another triad." Hegel

“The real is rational and the rational real.” Hegel

“Change is viewed as the result of the interaction of opposites.” Dialectical Materialism

“He who is in possession of truth must not expose his person, his relatives or his reputation to the blindness, the folly, the perversity of those whom it has pleased God to place and maintain in error. One must, therefore, keep silent about one’s true convictions if possible. There are occasions when silence no longer suffices, when it may pass as an avowal. Then one must not hesitate. Not only must one deny one’s true opinion, but one is commanded to resort to all ruses in order to deceive one’s adversary. One makes all the protestations of faith that can please him, one performs all the rites one recognizes to be the most vain, one falsifies one’s own books, one exhausts all possible means of deceit. Thus one acquires the multiple satisfactories and merits of having exposed a venerable faith to the horrible contact of the infidel, and finally of having, in cheating the latter and conforming him in his error, imposed on him the shame and spiritual misery that he deserves.” The People of the Mussulman East Captive Mind p.57

“What intelligence and talent we had was repaid by a disturbance in our internal balance. In each of us were deep wounds dating back to our childhood or adolescence, different in each of us but identical in one basic element, in something that made it impossible for us to live in harmony with others of our age, something that made us feel different and hence drove us to seek compensation.” Czeslaw Milosz

“The world is so rich and so complex that the more one tries not to omit any part of the truth, the more one uncovers wonders that elude the pen.” Czeslaw Milosz

“We were the first to assert that the more complicated the forms assumed by civilization, the more restricted the freedom of the individual must become.” Benito Mussolini

“The intellectual history of the last sixty or eighty years is indeed a perfect illustration of the truth that in social evolution nothing is inevitable but thinking makes it so.” F.A. Hayek

“In the late 1920s Stalin decided the New Economic Policy (NEP), which Lenin had introduced in 1921 to facilitate postwar economic recovery by encouraging limited private enterprise, no longer worked. The rate of economic growth was declining and peasants were not producing enough grain to satisfy demand. Instead of giving the peasants economic incentives to raise production, Stalin chose a policy that forced them into state-owned collective farms. Simultaneously, he pressed forward with a program of rapid industrialization, which began with the ambitious first Five-Year Plan in 1928. Stalin believed the Soviet Union had to industrialize rapidly in order to strengthen the Communist regime and enable the country to defend itself against foreign enemies. The plan, which was financed by exploiting resources in the countryside, resulted in the near collapse of Soviet agriculture and the deaths of millions of peasants from famine. Industrialization was achieved, but at great cost. Stalin

“Those who resort to superficial quirks to identify themselves as members of the clan are usually second hand artists.” Czeslaw Milosz

“It is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end. It is not for the sake of a good public administration that it is required, but for the security in the pursuit of the highest objects of civil society, and of private life.” Lord Acton

“Never has there been an enslavement through consciousness.” Czeslaw Milosz

“The workers are the only class capable of organized action.” Marx

“Marx’s so-called dialectical materialism, frequently considered to be a revision of the Hegelian system, asserts that ideas can arise only as a result of a material condition.1”

“The masses in a people’s democracy behave like a man who wants to cry out in his sleep and cannot find his voice.” Czeslaw Milosz

“Man is free if he needs to obey no person but solely the laws.” Kant and Voltaire

“Human material seems to have one major defect: it does not liked to considered human material. It finds it hard to endure the feeling that it must resign itself to passive acceptance of changes introduced from above.” Czeslaw Milosz

“Knowing there is a light in man, I could never have dared seek it; for light is not, I believe, the same as political consciousness, and it exists in fools, monks, boys who dislike social duties, and kulaks.” Czeslaw Milosz

“Religion………………..is the opium of the people.” Karl Marx

“The ultimate goal of all socialists is a classless cooperative commonwealth in every nation of the world.” Socialism

“This doctrine was later explained by Lenin, who defined a socialist society as one in which the workers, free from capitalist exploitation, receive the full product of their labor. Most socialists deny the claim of Communists to have achieved socialism in the USSR, which they regarded as an authoritarian tyranny. But after World War II, many Communist-led political parties in the Soviet sphere of influence still used the designation socialist in their names.2” Lenin

“Socialism could best be attained by reformist, parliamentary, and evolutionary methods, including the support of the bourgeoisie.3” Eduard Bernstein

“The control of the production of wealth is the control of human life itself.” Hilaire Belloc

“In 1939 the upper 11 or 12 percent of the soviet population now receives approximately 50 percent of the national income. In the U.S. the upper 10 percent of the population receives approximately 35 per cent of the national income.” F.A. Hayek

“Who plans whom who directs and dominates whom, who assigns to other people their station in life, and who is to his due allotted by others. These are the problems that need to be addressed in a planned society. “ Lenin

“There are many points of detail where those wishing to preserve the competitive system and those wishing to supercede it by something different will disagree on the details of such schemes; and it is possible under the name of social insurance to introduce measures which tend to make competition less effective.” F.A. Hayek

“They defend the person who is suffering b/c of a great diminution of his income and bitter disappointment of all his hopes through no fault of his own, and despite hard work and exceptional skill, undoubtedly offends our sense of justice. They try to secure the people from continued receipt of their former income and to shelter them from the vicissitudes of the market. Certainty of a given income can, however, not be given to all if any freedom in the choice of one’s occupation is to be allowed. And if it is provided for some, it becomes a privilege at the expense of others whose security is thereby necessarily diminished.” F.A. Hayek

“Who only knows his generation, only knows his children.” Cicero

“It is significant that the nationalization of thought has proceeded everywhere paired w/ the nationalization of industry.” E.H. Carr

“The only freedom offered in collectivism is freedom to the dictator to do whatever he wants.” F.A. Hayek

“We stand for Party in Mathematics. We stand for the purity of Marxist-Socialist theory in surgery.” Communism

“Every activity must derive its justification from a conscious social purpose.” Communism

“There cannot be any spontaneous activity b/c it makes unexpected results. It might produce something new, undreamed of in philosophy of the planner.” F.A. Hayek

“The interaction of individuals, possessing different knowledge and different views, is what constitutes the life of thought. The growth of reason is a social process based on the existence of such differences. To plan or organize the growth of mind is something that should be punished and is a contradiction of terms. By attempting to control we are merely setting bounds to its development and must sooner or later produce a stagnation of thought and a decline of reason.” Hayek

“Socialism is simply a/g individualism.” F.A. Hayek

“The human conscience is the final court of appeal.” F.A. Hayek

“The mass production of opinion is the corollary of the mass production of goods and the prejudice which the word propaganda still exerts in many minds today is closely parallel to the prejudice a/g control of industry and trade.” E.H. Carr

“Dangerous idealists do not see is that where the assumption of a moral responsibility involves that one’s moral views should by force be made to prevail over those dominant in other communities, the assumption of such responsibility may place one in a position in which it becomes impossible to act morally. To impose such an impossible moral task on the victorious nations is a certain way to morally to corrupt and discredit them.” F.A. Hayek

“As is true w/ respect to their great evils, the measures by which war might be made altogether impossible for the future may well be worse than even war itself.” F. A. Hayek

“Well, to proceed, wit in my opinion is a splendid thing, it is, so to say, an adornment of nature and a consolation of life, and what tricks it can play!” Porfiry from Crime and Punishment

“The connexion of ideas does not imply the relation of cause and effect, but only of a mark or sign w/ the thing signified. Hence it is evident that those things which, under the notion of a cause co-operating or concurring in the production of effects, are altogether inexplicable, and run us into great absurdities, may be very naturally explained……..when they are considered only as marks or signs for our information. Divinity informs us by means of these empirio-symbols. Epistemological significance of symbolism in that one must change the doctrine which pretends to explain things by corporeal causes.” Bishop Berkeley

“In the question of causality there are before us two philosophic tendencies, one of which pretends to explain things by corporeal causes. The other theory reduces the notion of causality to the mark or sign which serves for our information.” Lenin

“Marx criticized Herzen for idealizing the Russian village commune and failing to see the signs of its decay. Marx criticized Herzen for idealizing the Russian village commune and failing to see the signs of its decay.” Marx “In bourgeois society the past dominates the present; in communist society, the present dominates the past.” Marx and Engels

“You are horrified at our intending to do away w/ private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away w/ for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away a/ a form of property, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society.” Marx and Engels

“The disappearance of class property is the disappearance of production itself, so the disappearance of class culture is to him identical w/ the disappearance of all culture. That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a mere training to act as a machine.” Marx and Engels

“Abolition of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of the Communists. Do you charge us w/ wanting to stop the exploitation of children by their parents? To this crime we plead guilty.” Marx and Engels

“The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. He hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. Our bourgeois, not content w/ having wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other’s wives. ” Marx and Engels

“The communists are further reproached w/ desiring to abolish countries and nationalist.” Marx and Engels

“What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual production changes its character in proportion as material production is changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.” Marx and Engels

“When people speak of ideas that revolutionize society, they do but express the fact that within the old society the elements of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the old ideas keeps even pace w/ the dissolution of the old conditions of existence.” Marx and Engels

“Undoubtedly, it will be said, that religion, morals, philosophical, and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change.” Marx and Engels There are, besides, eternal truths, such as freedom, justice, etc., that are common to all states of society. But communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting then on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction with all past historical experience.” Marx and Engels

“Nevertheless, in the most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable.

"Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. Abolition of all right oh inheritance. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank w/ state capital and an exclusive monopoly. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the state. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; the brining into cultivation of wastelands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance w/ a common plan. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. Combination of agriculture w/ manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction b/t town and country by a more equable distribution of the population over the country. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor in its present form. Combination of education w/ industrial production, etc.” Marx and Engels

“A laborer may do her work because she believes that god has given her that lot in life, but she does what she does regardless, i.e. it was not the idea of “god” that set her to labor, but the practical necessity of achieving her means of sustenance.” Communism

“The basis of religious criticism is: Man makes religion, religion does not make man. Religion is the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet found himself or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being encamped outside the world. Man is the world of man, the state, and society. This state, this society, produce religion, an inverted world-consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of that world, its encyclopaedic compendium, its logic in a popular form, its spiritualistic point d’honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn complement, its universal source of consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realisation of the human essence because the human essence has no true reality. The struggle against religion is therefore indirectly a fight against the world of which religion is the spiritual aroma.” Marx

“The number 1 stands for reason. Odd numbers are masculine.” Pythagoras

“Mathematics is that subject in which we do not know what we are talking about, or whether what we are saying is true.” Bertrand Russell

“Proof by contradiction, is an indirect means of proving a statement. Simply put, to prove it you must assume it to be false. If you can show that this assumption leads toa contradiction, then the assumed falsity of the statement itself is false, implying the statemnt is true.” Reductico ad absurdum

“With all your science can you tell how it is, and whence it is, that light comes into the soul?” Thoreau

“Courage is the first of human qualities that guarantees the others.” Aristotle

“Not the things (bodies) but colours, sounds, pressures, spaces, times (what we usually call sensations), are the actual elemts of the world.” Mach

“Sensation is the foundation of mental life; it is the immediate connection w/ the outer world.” Bogdanov

“Only by the proof that where we have now a sensation there was none before, not even, a minimal one, is it possible to ascertain the fact which, denoting as it does some act of creation, contradicts the rest of experience and radically changes our conseption of nature. But it is impossible to obtain such proof through any experience; on the contrary, the notion of a state of substance which, previously deprived sensation, now begins to perceive, is no more than a hypothesis. And such hypothesis only complicates and obscures our knowledge instead of simplifying and clarifying it.” Lenin

“Materialism regards nature as primary, and spirit as secondary; being is first, and thinking second, Idealism holds the contrary view.” Engels

“The real world to e the realization of the absoluete idea which has existed prior to the world and whose expression the human spiritcould recognize in the rela world.” Hegel

“Consciouness w/o matter cannot exist, surely, at least not w/o a nervoud system.” Lenin

“Nature, which is not an object for us or our mind, is for speculative philoposhy or at least for idealism, the Kantian thing-in-itself, an abstraction w/o reality, but it is also this very same nature that causes idealism’s bankruptcy. Natural science necessarily shows us, at least in its present state, that there was a time when conditions were not fit for the existence of man, when nature, the earth, was not yet the object of the human eye and mind, when, consequently, nature was absolutely devoid of any trace of a human being. Idealism may retort that this state of nature is a state of which you think. Certain, but form this it does not follow that this very state of nature never existed. Socrates and Plato do not exist for me now, for now I can only think of them; yet it does not follow that Socrates and Plato did not exist in their time outside of my mind.” Feuerbach

“Matter us primary, and mind, consciousness, sensationare products of a very high development. Such is the materialist theory of knowledge, which natural science instinctively holds.” Lenin

“The existence of a system of things is prerequisite to the existence of anything else; from it consciousness will be inferred.” Avenerius

“Before there was argumentation, there was action. And human action had solved the difficulty long before human ginity invented it.” Lenin So long as we take care to train and to use out senses properly, and to keep our action within the limits prescribed by perceptions properly made and and properly used, so long we shall find the result of our action proves the conformity of our perceptions w/ the objective nature of the things perceived.” Lenin

“Idealism begins only when the philopsopher says that objects are my sensation; Kanitianism begins whne the philopsher says that the thing exists in itself, but is unknowable.” Lenin

“Sense-perception is the external existing reality.” Bazarov

“It is very much a sociologist’s nad a morlaist’s account, in that the moralist focuses on the problem of the tyranny of the majority, and the sociologist asks not only about the role of formal institutions in reducing the dangers of majority tyranny but goes on to talk about the role of social equality in promoting political equality, the role of religion, the role of educatiuo, and so on.” Alexis de Tocqueville

“Equality of condition will perhaps inevitabley be the enemy of glory, better at reducing misery than at creating public splendor, more apt to give everyone some education than to throw off tremendous flashes of genius; but these may all be acceptable trades.” Alex Ryan

“Men who have made a special study of the alws derive from this occupation certain habits of orer, a taste for formalities, and a kind of instinctive regard for the regular conncection of ideas, which naturally render them very hostile to the revolutionary spirit and the unreflecting passions od the multitude.” Alex Ryan

The slave states were essentially backward and sluggish; the existence of slavery stigmatized hard work and innovation by associating labour w/ slavery, and innovation w/ the destruction of a bastard form of aristocratic agriculture.” Alex Ryan

“The more interesting and complicated observation was that intellectual life in general inn the Unted Staes was marked by a concern for practicalitry, and by a generally high level of matter-of-fact competenece, not by the prosducaitons of genius, nor by the creation of things that would appeal to refined taste.” Alex Ryan

“Whatever the prerogatives of the executive power may be, the period whih immediately precedes an election, and that during which the lection is taking place, must always be considered as a national crisis, which is perilous in proportion to the internal embarrassments and the external dangers of the country.” Alexis de Tocqueville

“After having thus successively taken each member of the community in its powerful grasp and fashioned him at will, the supreme power then extends its arm over the whole ocmmunsity. It covers the surface e of society w/ a network of small complicated rules, minute and uniform, through which the most original minds and the most energetic characters cannot penetrate, to rise above the crowd. The will of man is not shattered, but softened, bent, and guided; men are seldom forced by it to act, but they are constantly restrained form acting. Such a power does not destroy, but it prevents existence; it does not tyrannize, but it compresses, enervates, extinguishes, and stupefies a people, till each nation is reduced to nothing better than a flock of tiomid and industrious animals, of which the government is the Shepard.” Alexis de Tocqueville

“Experience comes to undeceive men and plunges them into doubt and general mistrust.” Alexis de Tocqueville

“At those dangerous times, when humanity is at danger, genius no longer hesitates to come forward; and the people, alarmed by the perils of their situation, for a time forget their envious passions. Great names may then be drawn from the ballot box.” Alexis de Tocqueville

“Democracy does not give the people the most skillful government, but it produces what the ablest govenremnts are unable to create: namely, an all-pervading and restless activity, a superabundant force, and an energy which is inseparable from it and which may, however unfavorable circumstances may be, produce wonders.” Alexis de Tocqueville

McCarthyism – false charges of disloyalty.

“If ever the free institutions of America are destroyed, that event may be attributed to the omnipotence of the majority, which may at some future time urge the minotirtes to desperation and oblige them to have resource to physical force. Anarchy will then be the result, but it will have been brought about by despotism.” Alexis de Tocqueville (p.269)

“Unbelief is an accident, and faith is the only permanent state of mankind.” Alexis de Tocqueville (p.310)

“This, independce of equality itself, tends powerfully to divide men, to lead them mistrust the judgement of one another, and to seek the light of truth newhere but in themselves. Everyone then attempts to be in hs own suffienet guide and makes ist his boast to form his own opinions on all subjects. Men no longer bound together by ideas, but by interets; and it would seem as if human opinions were reduced to a sort of intellectual dust, scattered on every side, unable to collect, unable to cohere.” Alexis de Tocqueville (p.7 Volume II) In the principle of equality I very clearly discern two tendencies; one leading the mind of every man to untried thoughts, theot her prohibiting him from thinking at all. Alexis de Tocqueville (P.11 Volume II)

“When the religion of a people is destroyed, doubt gets hold of the higher powers of the intellect and half paralyzese all the others. Every man accustoms himslelf to having only confused and changing notions on the subjects most interetsting to his fellow creastures and himself. His opinions are ill-defended and easily abandoned; and, in despair of ever solving by himself the hard problems respening the destiny of man, he ignobly submits to think no more about them. Such a condiiton connot but enervate the soul, relax the springs of the will, and prepare a people for servitude.” Alexis de Tocqueville (p. 21 Volume II)

“A nation that aks nothing of its government but the maintenace of order is alreasdyt a slave at heart, the slave of its own well-being, awaiitng only ythe hand that will bind it.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.142)

“When men have once allowed themselves to think no more of what is to be befall them after life, they readily lapse into that complete and brutal indifference to futurity which is but too comformable to some propensities of mankind. As soon as they have lost the habit of placing their chief hopes upon remorte events, they naturally seek to gratify w/o delay their smallest desires; and no sooner do they despair of living forever, than they are disposed to act if they were to exist but for a single day.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.149-50)

“I am of the opinion, on the whole, that the manufacturing aristocracy which is growing up under our eyes os on the fothe harshest that ever existed in the world; but at the same time it is one of the the most confined and least dangersous. Nevertheless, the friends of democracy should keep their eyes anxisouly fixed in this direction; for if ever a permanenet inequality of conditions and aristocary again penetrates into the world, it many be p[redicted that this is the gate by which they will enter.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.161)

“Democatic institutions generlaly give men a lofty notion of their country and of themselves.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.172)

“Equality of conditions does not itself produce regulairtry of morals, but it unquestionable facilitates and increases it.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.205)

“The tumultuous and constantly harassed life that equality makes men lead not only distracts them from the passion of love by denying them time to indulge it, but diverts them from it by another more secret or less contract the ways of thinking of the manufacturing and trading classes; their minds take a serious, deliberate, and positive turn; they are apt to relinquish the ideal in order to pursue some visible and proximate object which appears to be the natural and necessary aim of their desires. This the principle of equality does not destroy the imagination, but lowers its flight to the level of the earth.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.208)

“Variety is disappearing from the human race; the same ways of acting, thinking, and feeling are to be met w/ all over the world. This is not only b/c nations work upon each other and copy each other more faithfully, but as the men of each country relinquish more and more peculiar opinions and feelings of a caste, a profession, or a family, they simultaneously arrive at something nearer to the constitution of man, which is everywhere the same.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.229)

“If ambition becomes great while the conditions of society are growing equal, it loses that quality when they have grown so.” Alexis de TOcqueville (Volume II p.244)

“In aristocracies the career of ambition is often wide, but its boundaries are determined. In democracies ambition commonly ranges in a narrower field, but if once it gets beyond that, hardly any limits can be assigned to it.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.247)

“In no country in the world is the love of property become more active and more anxious than in the US; nowhere does the majority display less inclination for those principles which threaten to alter, in whatever manner, the laws property.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.256)

“When social conditions are equal, every man is pat to live apart, centered in himself and forgetful of the public.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.256)

“Religion must be declared a private affair. In these words socialists usually express their attitude towards religion. But the meaning of these words should be accurately defined to prevent any misunderstanding. We demand that religion beheld a private affair so far as the state is concerned. But by no means can we consider religion a private affair so far as our Party is concerned. Religion must be of no concern to the state, and religious societies must have no connection with governmental authority. Everyone must be absolutely free to profess any religion he pleases, or no religion whatever, i.e., to be an atheist, which every socialist is, as a rule” Lenin

“From de Tocqueville, it could have been predicted that pop culture, such as rock music etc, would develop in America because the lack of an aristocracy causes a less cultured taste in the arts.”

“Modern stupidity means not ignorance but the nonthought of received” Milan Kundera

“Slave morality: a morality created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness b/c the behavior served their interests.” Nietzsche    

“Things-in-themselves = (beyond sensation).” Kant       

"Kant’s achievement was enormous: he established a system of categories and concepts of philosophy which was the basis for the stunning development of Classical German Philosophy (Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Feuerbach) and later Marxism over the 50 years following the Critique of Pure Reason, and it remains the point of reference for all schools of philosophy which pretend to the status of science, up to the present." Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)

“My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the life-process of the human brain, i.e., the process of thinking, which, under the name of Idea; he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurges of the real world, and the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of Idea.; With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought.” Marx on Hegel

"Hume denied theological doctrines and acknowledged the evils that religion had wrought upon humanity. Hume accepted Berkeley’s proof, but developed the philosophy of Skepticism, a British compromise, in which, while the knowledge we gain from experience cannot constitute theoretical knowledge or necessity, it is good enough for practical purposes, sufficient for practical life. Hume was a contemporary of Immanuel Kant, with whom his philosophy may well be compared. Kant is dealing with the same crisis of knowledge, but in the distinctly German, rather than British, way. There can be an Actual Being out of God only through theself-realisation of this absolute Power: - this Power, however, can only produce pictures or Schemae, which by combination become Actual Knowledge.”   – Fichte “The philosophical argument a/g the market is that it brings out the worst in people-it glorifies greed.” Colander

“Europeans claimed that Africans should be enslaved and colonized in order to be saved from extinction, to be civilized, and rescued from their own barbaric and backward extinction, to be civilized, and rescued from their own barbaric and backward ways of life.” Azevedo (p.7)

“For some freedom is a greater burden than slavery.” Rosseau

"Theistic Evolution - An interpretation of Genesis 1 in which the story line is considered as an explanation for the why and who of creation, but not the exact method. The purpose of this FAQ is to show that this position is not contradictory."

“There are two parts to creationism. Evolution, specifically common descent, tells us how life came to where it is, but it does not say why.” Evolution But isn’t this Deism, the belief that God set the universe in motion and walked away? While it could be Deism, the Bible speaks more of an active God, one who is frequently intervening in His creation. If the Bible represents such a God in historical times there is no reason to assume that He was not active in the universe before then. A guiding hand in evolution could exist, even in the time before humans came around. Just because people were not there to observe does not mean that there was nothing to observe.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal . . ..” Thomas Jefferson

“It is the great parent of science & of virtue: and that a nation will be great in both, always in proportion as it is free.” Thomas Jefferson

“Bigotry is the disease of ignorance, of morbid minds; enthusiasm of the free and buoyant. Education & free discussion are the antidotes of both.” Thomas Jefferson

“I had rather be shut up in a very modest cottage with my books, my family and a few old friends, dining on simple bacon, and letting the world roll on as it liked, than to occupy the most splendid post, which any human power can give.” Thomas Jefferson

“I have often thought that nothing would do more extensive good at small expense than the establishment of a small circulating library in every county, to consist of a few well-chosen books, to be lent to the people of the country under regulations as would secure their safe return in due time.” Thomas Jefferson

“I cannot live without books.” Thomas Jefferson

“Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land.” Mao Zedong

“Clear from the head the masses of impressive rubbish; rally the lost and trembling forces of the will, gather them up and let them loose upon the earth, till they construct at last a human justice.” Auden

“At all times and in all creeds only a minority has been capable of courting excommunication and committing emotional harakiri in the name of an abstract truth.” Arthur Koestler (p.23)

“Do what you can with what you have where you are.” Theodore Roosevelt

“faith is a wonderous thing; it is not only capable of moving mountains, but also of making you believe that a herring is a race horse.” Arthur Koestler

“Psychology became greatly simlified; there were two recognized emotive impulses: class solidarity and the sexual urge. The rest was bourgeois metaphysics; or, like ambition and the lust for power, products of competitive capitalist economy.” Arthur Koestler (p.46)

“Monogomy, and the whole institution of the family, were a prodeuct of the economic system; they bred individualism, hypocrisy, an escapist attitude to the class struggle and were altogether to be rejected; bourgeois matrimony ws merely a form of prostitution sanctioned by society. But promiscuity was equally a bad thing. It had flourished in the Party, both in Russia and abroad, until Lenin made his famous pronouncements a/g the Glass of Water Theory (that is, a/g the popular maxim that the sexual act was of no more consequence than the quenching of thirst by a glass of water). Arthur Koestler (p.47)

“Communism is a movement on sufferance, not by right.” Arthur Koestler (p.48)

“For the intellectual, material comforts are relativelt unimportatn; what he cares most about is pritirual freedom. The strength of the Catholic Church has always been that it demands the sacrifice of that freedom uncompromisingly, and condemnds spiritual pride as a deadly sin. The Communist novice, subjecting his sould to the canon law of the Kremlin, felt something of the release which Catholicism also brings to the intellectual, wearied and worried by the provelege of freedom.” Richard H. Crossman (p.6)

“To the psychiatrist, both the craving for utopia and the rebellion against the status quo are symptoms of social maladjustment. The psychiatrist is apt to forget that hatred, even of the objectively hateful, does not produce that charity and justice on which a utopian society must be based.” Arthur Koestler (p.16)

“Work is a potent drug; to make oneself feel that one is doing a useful job anonymously and wholeheartedly is the most effective way of bribing one’s conscience.” Arthur Koestler (p.65)

“The lessons taught by this type of experice, when put into words, always appears under the dowdy guise of perennial commonplaces; that man is a reality, mankind an abstraction; that men cannot be treated as units in operations of political arithmetic because they behave like the symbols for zero and the infinite, which dislocate all mathemtacal operations; that the end justifies the mean only within very narrow linits; that ethics is not a fucntion of social utility, and charity not a petty-bourgeois sentiment but the gravitational force which keeps cvilization in its orbit. Arthur Koestler (p.68)

“A harmful truth is better than a useful lie.” Thomas Mann (p.73)

“No movement, party or person can claim the privelege of infallibility.” Arthur Koestler (p.73)

“On a group of theories one can found a school; but on a group of values one can found a culture, a a civilization, a new way of living together among men.” Ignazio Silone (p.114)

“But my faith in Socialism (to which I think I can say my entire life bears testimony) has remained more alive than ever in me. In its essence, it has gone back to what it was when I first revolted against the old social order; a refusal to admit the existence of destiny, an extension of the ethical impulse from the restricted individual and family sphere to the whole domain of human activity; a need for effective brotherhood, an affirmation of the superitoryi of the human person over all the eocnomic and social mechanisms which person over all the eocnomic and social mechanisms which oppress him.” Ignazio Silone (p.113-14)

“I’ll be for them, even though they are not for me.” Richard Wright (p.158)

“What experience and history teach is this – that people and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it.” Hegel “Culture had long remained the prerogative of a priveleged class, and leisure was necessary for its development. One whole section of society had toiled in order to allow a small number of people to enjoy life, while the garden of culture, literature and art had long remained a private enclosed property to which only the most intelligent could ever hope to have access-those who from childhood had been shelterd from need.” Andrew Gide (p.176-77)

“Free ballot-open or secret-is a derision and a sham; the voters have merely the right of electing those who have been chosen them beforehand.” Andrew Gide (p.184-45)

“Humanity is complex and not all of a piece-that must be accepted-and every attempt at simplification and regimentation, every effort from the outisde to reduce everything and everyone to the same common denominator, will always be reprehesnible, pernicious and dangerous.” Andrew Gide (p.188)

“The two races, equally free, cannot live in the same government.” Thomas Jefferson


  “The existence of a system of things is prerequisite to the existence of anything else; from its consciousness will be inferred.” Avenarius Lenin (p.46)

“Matter is primary, and mind, consciousness, sensation are products of a very high development. Such is the materialist theory of knowledge, which natural science instinceively holds.” Lenin (p.52)

“Nature, which is not an object for us or our mind, is for speculative philosphy or at least for idealism, the Kantian thing-in-itself, an abstraction w/o reality, but it is also this very same nature that causes idealism’s bankruptcy. Natural science necessarily shows us, at least in its present state, that there was a time when conditions were not fit for the existence of man, when nature, the earth, was not yet the object of the human eye and mind, when, consequently, nature was absolutely devoid of any trade of a human being. Idealism may retort that this state of nature is a state of which you think. Certainly, but from this it does not follow that this very state of nature is a state of which you think.” Feuerbach Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (p.60)

“Teach a parrot the terms supply and demand and you’ve got an eocnomist.” Thomas Carlyle

“It is by invisible hands that we are bent and torutured worst.” Nietzsche

“Conscious w/o matter cannot exist, surely, at least not w/o a nervous system.” Lenin (p.68)

“Materialism regards nature as primary, and spirit as secondary; being is first, and thinking, second.” Lenin (p.74)

“The family, the private property and the state are not “natural” institutions, but results of a historical development starting with the first farmer-societies.” Engels

“I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every
form of tyranny over the mind of man.” Thomas Jefferson

“Power is only saved from corruption if it is humanized with humality; Without humility, power is turned to perscutions and executions and public lies.” Stephen Spender (p.254-55)

“A republic must remain confined to a relatively small area; a large naiton would breed corruption and despotism because the rulers would be so distant from most of the people that there would be no way to control them.” Montesquieu

“For some freedom is a greater burden than slavery.” Rosseau

“Neither merchant capital nor usurer’s capital represent a sufficient premise for the rise of industrial capital.” Lenin Essential Works (p.24)

“Large-scale machine industry alone brings about the complete separation of industry from agriculture.” Lenin Essential Works (p.34)

“Thus, the data on the Russian factory workers fully confirm the theory enunciated in Capital that it is preceisely large-scale machine industry that brings about a complete and decisive change in the conditions of life of the industrial population and separates it completely from agriculture and from the century-old traditions of patriacrchal life connected with the latter.” Lenin Essential Works (p.37-38) “In capitalism man exploits man; in socialism it’s the other way ‘round.” Abba Lerner

“What written with a pen cannot be hacked away even by an ax.” Russian Proverb

“The theory of the class struggle was rejected on the grounds that it could not be applied to a strictly democratic society, governed according to the will of the majority, etc.” Lenin Essential Works (p.55)

“Before we can unite, and in order that we may unite, we must first of all firmly and definitely draw the lines of demarcation.” Lenin Essential Works (p.67)

“The role of vanguard can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by an advanced theory.” Lenin Essential Works (p.70)

“It is the specific duty of the leaders to gain an ever-clearer insight into all theoretical questions, to free themselves more and more from the influence of traditional phrases inherited from the old conception of the world, and constantly to keep in mind that socialism, having become a science, must be pursued as a science, i.e., it must be studied.” Lenin Essential Works (p.71)

“Many of our revisionist critics believe that Marx asserted that economic development and the class struggle create not only the conditions for soclialist production, but also, and directly, the consicousness of its necessity.” Kautsky Essential Works of Lenin (p.81)

“Econmic struggle os the most widely applicable method of drawing the masses into the political struggle.” Lenin Essential Works (p.96)

“The average people of the masses, are capable of displaying enormous energy and self-sacrifice in strikes and in street battles with the police and troops, and are capable (in fact, are alone capable) of determining the whole outcome of our movement-but the struggle a/g politicla police requires special qualities; it requires professional revolutionaries.” Lenin Essential Works (p.135)

“The demagogue is the worst enemy of the working class.” Lenin Essential Works (p.146)

“The new freedom (Communism) offers freedom from necessity, release from the compulsion of the circumstances which inevitability limit the range of choice of all of us.” F.A. Hayek Capitalism was, in the Marxist view, the helpless victim, not the master, of the developing social forces on which it was borne; it had no control over its own fate; it could thus be brought to dig its own grave. (p.35-5)

“The characteristic feature of imperialism is not industrial but finance capital.” Lenin Essential Works (p.239)

“When the white man governs himself, that is self-government; but when he governs himself and also governs others, it is no longer self-government; it is despotism.” Lincoln (p.255)

“It is optimism in respect of opportunism; it is optimism which serves to conceal opportunism.” Lenin Essential Works (p.268)

“The Workers have no country; the Proletarians have nothing to lose except their chains.” Marat

“Religion is the opium of the People.” Heiner

“Workers of the the World unite!” Blanqui

“The state is, therefore, by no means a power forced on society from without; just as little is it ‘the reality of the ethical idea’, ‘the image and reality of reason’, as Hegel maintains. Rather, it is a product of society at a certain stage of development; it is the admission that this society has become entangled in an insoluble contradiction with itself, that it has split into irreconcilable antagonisms which it is powerless to dispel.” Engels Essential Lenin (p.273)

“The state is a product and a manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms. The state arises where, when and insofar as class antagonism objectively cannot be reconciled. And, conversely, the existence of the state proves that the class antagonisms are irreconcilable.” Lenin Essential Lenin(p.273)

A democratic republic is the best possible political shell for capitalism, and, therefore, once capital has gained possession of this very best shell (through the Palchinskys, Chernovs, Tseretelis and Co.), it establishes its power so securely, so firmly, that no change of persons, institutions or parties in the bourgeois-democratic republic can shake it. Lenin Essential Works (p.279)

Marxism: “the state, i.e., the proletariat organized as the ruling class.” (p.286)

What I did that was new was to prove: (1) that the existence of classes is only bound up with the particular, historical phases in the development of production (historische Entwicklungsphasen der Produktion), (2) that the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat, (3) that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society.” Marx Essential Works (p.294) Consequently, when he says “we” in the last sentence, Engels undoubtedly, in his own as well as in Marx’s name, suggests to the leader of the German workers’ party that the word “state” be struck out of the programme and replaced by the word “community”. Lenin Essential Works (p.319)

Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in the ancient Greek republics: freedom for the slave-owners. Lenin Essential Works (p.336) Lastly, only communism makes the state absolutely unnecessary, for there is nobody to be suppressed - “nobody” in the sense of a class, of a systematic struggle against a definite section of the population. Lenin Essential Works (p.338)

This expropriation will make it possible for the productive forces to develop to a tremendous extent. And when we see how incredibly capitalism is already retarding this development, when we see how much progress could be achieved on the basis of the level of technique already attained, we are entitled to say with the fullest confidence that the expropriation of the capitalists will inevitably result in an enormous development of the productive forces of human society. Lenin Essential Works (p.344)

The more complete the democracy, the nearer the moment when it becomes unnecessary. The more democratic the “state” which consists of the armed workers, and which is “no longer a state in the proper sense of the word”, the more rapidly every form of state begins to wither away. Lenin Essential Works (p.349)

The workers, after winning political power, will smash the old bureaucratic apparatus, shatter it to its very foundations, and raze it to the ground; they will replace it by a new one, consisting of the very same workers and other employees, against whose transformation into bureaucrats the measures will at once be taken which were specified in detail by Marx and Engels: (1) not only election, but also recall at any time; (2) pay not to exceed that of a workman; (3) immediate introduction of control and supervision by all, so that all may become “bureaucrats” for a time and that, therefore, nobody may be able to become a “bureaucrat”. Lenin Essential Works (p.355)

Under capitalism, democracy is restricted, cramped, curtailed, mutilated by all the conditions of wage slavery, and the poverty and misery of the people. Lenin Essential Works (p.360)

“And was water shapes its flow in accordance w/ the ground, so an army changes its victory in accordance w/ the situation of the enemy.” Sun Tzu (p.101)

“Look at science in the perspective of the artist, but art in that of life.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.19)

“That which bestows on everything tragic its peculiar elevating force is the discovery that the world, that life, can never give real satisfaction and hence is not worthy of our affection: this constituttes the tragic spirit-it leads to resignation.” Nietzsche Basic Writings Schopenhauer (p.24)

“The higher truth, the perfection of these states in contrast to the imcompletely intellgible everyday world, this deep consciousness of nature, healing and helping in sleep and dreams, is at the same time the symbolical analogue of the soothsaying faculty and of the arts generally, which make life possible and worth living.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.35)

“Either under the influence of the narcotic draught, of which the songs of all primitiv emen and people speak, or with the potent coming of srping that penetrates all nature with joy, these Dionysian emotions awake, and as they grow in intensity everything subjective vanished into complete self-forgetfullness.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.36) “Under the charm of the Dionysian not only is the union b/t man and man reaffirmed, but nature which has become alienated, hostile, or subjugated, celebrates once more her reconciliation with her lost son.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.37)

“For the more clearly I perceive in nature those omnipotent art impulses, and in them are ardent longing for illusion, for redpmtion through illusion (art, God, and Music), the more I feel myself impelled to the metaphysical assumption that the truly existent primal unity, eternal suffering and contradiction, also needs the rapturous vision, the pleasureable illusion, for its continuous redemption.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.45)

“Excess revealed itself as truth. Contradiction, born of pain, spoke out from the very hear of nature.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.47)

“The onchoate, intangible reflection of the primordial pain in music, with its redemption in mere appearance, now produces a second mirroring (for redemption) as a spcefic symbol or example. Nietzsche Basic Writings

“Art saves him, and through art-life.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.59)

“Knowledge kills action; action requires the veils of illusion”. (p.60)

“The sphere of poetry does not lie outside the world as a fantastic impossibility spawned by a poet’s brain: it desires to be just the opposite, the unvarnished expression of the truth, and must precisely for that reason discard the mendacious finery of that alleged reality of the man of culture.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.61)

“The edge of wisdom turns a/g the wise: wisdom is a crime a/g nature.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.69)

“Morality is an appeasement to the external reality.” Nietzsche Basic Writings “Eternal contradiction is the father of all things.” Nietzsche Basic Writings

“Religion and myth believe that it can correct the world by knowledge, guide life by science, and actually confine the individual w/I a limited sphere of solvable problems, from which he can cheerfuly say yo life: I desire you; you are worth knowing.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.109)

“There is nothing more terrible than a class of barbaric slaves who have learned to regard their existence as an injustice, and now prepare to avenge, not only themselves, but all generations.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.111)

“Myth, the necessary prerequisite of every religion, is already paralyzed everywhere, and even in this domain the optimistic spirit, which we have just designated as the germ of destruction in our society, has attained the mastery.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.111)

“Whould not my longing overlap the distance and daraw the fairest form into existence?” Faust Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.113)

“That life is really so tragic would least of all explain the orogin of an art form-assuming that art is not merely imitation of the reality of nature but rather a metaphysical supplement of the reality, placed beside it for its overcoming.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.140)

“A poet might say that God made forgetfullness the guard he placed at the threshold of human dignity.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.149)

“Not what the holy man is but what he signifies in the eyes of those who are not holy gives him his world-historical value. It was b/c one was wrong about him, b/c one misinterpreted the states of his soul and drew as sharp a line as possible b/t oneself and him, as if he were something utterly incomparable and strangely superhuman-that he gained that extraordinary power with which he could dominate the imagination of whole peoples and ages.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.153)

“We use up too much artistry in our dreams-and therefore often are impoverished during the day.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.163)

“The enjoyment of cruelty; and in these sircumstanes it is even accounted among the virtues of such a soul if it is inventive and insatiable in cruelty. The community feels refreshed by cruel deeds, and casts off for once the gloom of continual anxiety and caution.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.166)

“Our duties are the rightrs others have against us.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.168)

“The majority had might-unfortuneatly-but right it is not. Right-are I and a few others. The minority is always right.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.187)

“What kind of truths are those around which the majority usually gathers? They are truths that have been become so old that they are on the way toward becoming shaky. But once a truth has become that old, it is also on the way toward becoming a lie….A normally constituted truth lives, let us say, as a rule seveteen or eighteen years; at most twenty, rarely more. But such aged truths are always exceedingly thin. Nevertheless it is only at that stage that the majority makes their acquaintance….All these majority truths……are rather like rancid, spoiled…..hams. And that is the source of the moral scurvy that rages all around us.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.188)

“That w/o accepting the fictions of logic, w/o measuring reality a/g the purely invented world of the ocnditioonal and self-identical, w/o a constatn falsification of the world by means and numbers, man could not live-that renouncing false judgements would mean renouncing false judgments would mean renouncing life and a denial of life. To recognize untruth as a ocndition of life-that certainly means resisting accustomed value feelings in a dangerous way.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.202)

“A living things seeks above all to discharge its strength-life itself is will to power; self-preservation is only one of the indirect and most frequent results.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.211)

“Where man cannot find anything to see or to grasp, he has no further business.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.212)

“Thinking is an activity and operation on the part of a being who is thought of as a cause.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.213)

“Morals being understood as the doctrine of the realtions of supremacy wnder which the phenomenon of life comes to be.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.217)

“A human might end by asserting the same about this world as you do, namely, that it has a necessary and calculable course, not b/c laws obtain in it, not b/c they are absolutely lacking, and every power draws its ultimate consequences at every moment and hence the rise of religion.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.220) “Every profound thinker is more afraid of being understood than of being nisunderstood.” Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.419)

“Although class status is not fully determined at birth in open class societies, there is a high probability that most people will stay close to the class into which they were born and will marry within that class.” Ember & Ember (p.240)

“It is important to realize that money has little or no intrinsic value; rather, it is society that determines its value.” Ember & Ember (p.234)

“Indeed, food collectors appear to have a considerable amount of leisure time, as do many horticultarists. It has been estimated, for example, that the men of the horticulatural Kuikuru tribe in central Brazil spent about three and a half hours a day subsistence.” Ember & Ember (p.221)

"Unemployment is necessary in order to weaken the bargaining power of working people seeking higher pay or better benefits and working conditions, because workers know that others are competing for their jobs. the final purpose of competition in capitalism is to end or reduce competition! 1. They are alienated from their productive activity, from meaningful participation in decisions about what to do or how to do it, how fast etc. 
2. They are alienated from the product of that activity, having no control over what is made or what happens to it. 
3. They are alienated from other human beings, isolated from each other with competition replacing most forms of cooperation. 
4. They are alienated from their potential individually and in a shared community. It is exactly these four failures that socialism is dedicated to erasing. It was precisely here that I saw the beginning of the end, the dead stop, a retrospective weariness, the will turning a/g life, the tender and sorrowful signs of the ultimate illness: I understand the ever spreading morality of pity that had seized even on philosophers and made them ill, as the msot sinister symptom of a European culture that had itself become sinister, perhaps as its by-pass to a new Buddhisn? To a Buddhism for Europeans? To-nihilism? Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.455)

But it is only fair to add that it was on the soil of this essentially dangerous form of human existence, the priestly form, that man first became an intersting animal, that only here did the human soul in a higher sense acquire depth and become evil-and these are the two basic respects in which man has hitherto been superior to other beasts! Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.469)

The State [is] unmorality organized... the will to war, to conquest and revenge... Society is not entitled to exist for its own sake but only as a substructure and scaffolding by means of which a select race of beings may elevate themselves to their higher duties... There is no such thing as the right to live, the right to work, or the right to be happy: in this respect man is no different from the meanest worm.” Nietzsche Basic Writings

A legal order thought of as sovereign and universla, not as a means in the struggle b/t powercomplexes but as ameans of preventing all struggle in general-perhaps after the communistic cliché of Duhring, that every will must ocnsider every other will its equal-would be a principle hostile to life, an agent of the dissolution and destruction of man, an attempt to assasinate the future of man, a sign of weariness, a secret path to nothingness. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.512)

I regard the bad conscience as the serious illness that man was bound to contract under the stress of the msot fundamental change he ever experienced-that change which occurred when he found himself finally enclosed w/I the walls of society. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.520)

The man who, form lack of external enemies and resistances and forcible confined to the oppressive narrowness and punctiliousness of custom, impatinetly lacerated, persecuted, gnawed at, assaulted, and maltreated himself; this animal that rubbed itself raw against the bars of its cage as one tried to tame it; this deprived creature, racked w/ homsesickness for the wild, who had to turn himself into an adventure, a torture chamber, an uncertain and dangerousness wilderness-this fool, this yearning and desparate prisoner became the inventor of the bad conscience. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.521)

In this way the gods served in those days to justify man to a certain extent even in his wickedness, they served as the originators of evil-in those days they (the Greeks) took upon themselves, not the punishment but, what is nobler, guilt. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.530)

The beautiful-a lack of any refined first-hand experience reposes in the shape of a fat worm of error. Kant (p.540)

The three great slogans of the ascetic ideal are familiar: poverty, humility, chastity. Now take a close look at the lives of all the great, fruitful, inventive spirits: you will always encounter all three to a certain degree. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.544)

Age-set systems seem to develop in societies that have both frequent warfare and local groups that change in size and composition throughout the year. Ember & Ember (p.327)

The first state societies came about 3500 B.C. Ember & Ember (p.332)

Extrapolating from past history, a number of investogators have suggested that the entire world will eventually come to be politically integrated, perhaps as soon as the twenty-third century and no later than A.D. 4850. Ember & Ember (p.333)

The frequency of warfare seems to be not as much greater in complex societies than in simple band or tribal societies. We have evidence that warfare is unlikely to occur internally if it is small in population (21,000 or fewer people) or territory; in a larger society there is a high likelihood of warfare w/I society, b/t communites or larger territorial divisions. Ember & Ember (p.342)

There is a realm of truth and being, but reason is excluded form it! Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.554)

The last will of man, his will to nothingness, nihilism. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.558)

The two worst contagions that may be reserved just for us-a/g the great nausea at Man! A/g great pity for man! Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.561)

The strong are as naturally inclined to separate as the weak are to congregtate. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.572)

The chief trick the ascetic priest permitted himself for amking the human soul resound with heart-rending, ecstatic music of all kinds was, as everyone knows, the exploitation of guilt. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.576) A predominance of mandarins always means something is wrong; so do the advent democracy, international courts in place of war, equal rights for women, the religion of pity, and whatever other symptoms of declining life there are. (p.590)

Morality negates life. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.611)

In many cases of feminine love, perhaps including the most famous ones above all, love is merely a more refined form of parasatism, a form of nestling down in another soul, sometimes even in the flesh of another-alas, always decidedly at the expense of the host! Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.617)

Whence comes all misfortune in the world? Wagner asked himself. From old contracts, he answered, like all revolutioanry ideologists. IN plain: from customs, laws, moralities, institutionts, from everything on which the old world, the old society rests. How can one rid the world of misfortune? How can one abolish the old society? Only be declaring war agaisnt contracts (tradiiton, morality). Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.619)

“The point is not to understand the woeld, but to change it.” Karl Marx

“Resistance To Tyranny Is Obedience To GOD.” Thomas Jefferson

“What has kept England on its feet during the past years? In part, no doubt, some vague idea about a better future, but chiefly the atavistic emotion of patriotism, the ingrained feeling of the English-speaking peoples that they are superior to foreigners. For the last twenty years the main object of English left-wing intellectuals has been to break this feeling down, and if they had succeeded, we might be watching the S.S. patrolling the London streets at this moment.” Goerge Orwell Freedom Betrayed (p.98)

If you have an enemy, do not requite him evil with good, for that would put him to shame. Rather prove prove that he did you some good. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.662)

Pity is a virtue among the decadents. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.684)

Accepting oneself as if fated, not wishing oneself different-that is in such cases great reason itself. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.687)

The bite of conscience: a sign that the character is no match for the deed. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.692)

The sedentary life-as I have said once before-is the real sin a/g the holy spirit. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.696)

List the places where men with espirit are living or have lived, where wit, subtelty, and malice belonged to happeiness, where genius found its home almost of necessity: all of them have excellent dry air. Paris, Provence, Florence, Jerusalem, Athens-these names prove something: genius depends on air, on clear skies-that is, on a rapid metablosim, on the possibility of drawing again and again on great, even tremendous quantities of strength. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.696-7)

I mylsef have said somewhere: what has been the greatest objection to existence so far? God. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.701)

The Art of self-preservation-selfishness. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.708)

All the problems of politics, of social organization, and of education have been falsified through and through b/c one mistook the most harmful men for great men. Nietzsche Basic Writings (p.712) The philosophical nihilist is convinced that all that happens is meaningless and in vain; and that there ought not to be anything meaningless and in vain.” Nietzsche Basic Writings

“’Evil men have no songs.’ How is it then, that the Russians have songs?” Nietzsche

“To live alone one must be a beast or a god, says Aristotle. Leaving out the third case: one must be both—a philosopher.” Nietzsche

“Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.” Karl Marx (p.270)

“Blessed is he that hath no family.” Karl Marx (p.7)

“Once an idea became an object-whether a machine or a book-it was externalized and thus divorced from its producer. Estrangement, was the inevitable conclusion of all labour.” Karl Marx (p.73)

“A coward dies a thousand deaths, while a hero dies only one.” Shakespeare

“Life and existence are ideas that are incomrehensible to our human brains.”Thomas P. Koziara

“A nation that aks nothing of its government but the maintenace of order is alreasdyt a slave at heart, the slave of its own well-beling, awaiitng only ythe hand that will bind it.” Alexis de Tocqueville (Volume II p.142)

“The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.” Thomas Jefferson

“Tis better to have loved and most than never to have lost at all.” Butler

“I live constantly in the fear of not being misunderstood.” Oscar Wilde

“Science finds, industry applies, man conforms. Science discoers, genius invents, industry applies, and man adapts himself to or is molded by new things.”

“Property is theft.” Proudhon

“Everything that lives, man included, seeks its well-being at the expense of whoever withholds it.” Diderot

“When the nations history is poorly taught in schools, ignored by the young, and proudly rejected by qualified elders, awareness of tradition consists only in wanting to destroy it.” Jaques Barzun (p.775)

“What the masters must suspect is that there is a danger that people who have no strong belied in a life after this one will create a society fixated on short-term results, w/o much thought for the consequences of their actions.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.9)

“Death is a mirror in which the entire meaning of life is reflected.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.11)

To begin depriving death ot its greatest advantage over us, let us adopt a way clean contrary to that common one; let us deprive death of its strangeness, let us frequent it, let us get used to it; let us have nothing more often in mind than death. Montaigne

“The birth of a man is the birth of his sorrow. The longer he lives, the more stupid he becomes, b/c anxiety to avoid unavoidable death becomes more and more acute.” Chang Tzu

“No one talks about death and no one talks about the afterlife, b/c people are made to believe that such talk will only thwart our so-called progress in the world.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.17-8)

“What is born will die, what has been gathered will be dispersed, what has been accumulated will be exhausted, what has been built will collapse, and what has been high will be brought low. Buddha

“The past is past, the fututre not yet risen, and even the present thought, as we experience it, becomes the past. The only thing we really have is nowness, is now.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.27)

“There is only one law in the universe that never changes-that all things change, and that all things are impermanent.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.29)

“Nothing has any inherent existence of its own when you really look at it, and this absence of indepednent existence is what we call emptiness.” Sogyal Pinpoche (p.37)

“Our deepest fears are like dragons guarding our deepest treasure.” Rainer Rilke (p.39)

“Philosophy is its own time raised to the level of thought.” Hegel

“Time that is intolerant of the brave and innocent/ Worships language and forgives everyone by whom it lives.” W.H. Auden

“Only when the Teich borders include the very last German, but can no longer guaranteehis daily bread, will the moral right to acquire foreign soil arise from the distress of our own people. Their sword will become our plow, and from the tears of war the daily bread of future generations will grow.” Hitler (p.3)

The Western democracy of today is the forerunner of Marxism which w/o it would not be thinkable. It provides this world plague with the culture in which its germs can spread.” Hitler (p.78) Parliamentary principle of majority rule is, first and foremost, the cause of the incredible inundation of all political life with the most inferior, and I mean the most inferior, characters of our time.” Hitler (p.81)

“Mankind has grown great in eternal struggle, and only in eternal peace does it perish.” Hitler (p.135)

“The ultimeate wisdom is always the understanding of the instinst.” Hitler (p.245)

“An institution which is no longer resolved to defend itself with all weapons has for practical purposes abdicated.” Hitler (p.246)

“Blood sin and desecration of the race are the original sin in this world and the end of a humanity which surreneders to it.” Hitler (p.249)

“Cowardice lies in physical weakness.” Hitler (p.253)

“The loss of the fight for the freedom and independence of the German nation is the result of the half-heartedness and weakness manifested even in peacetime as regards drafting the entire national man-power for the defense of the fatherland.” Hitler (p.272-3)

“Racial crossing causes: 1) lowering of the level of the higher race, and 2) physical and intellectual regression and hence the beginning of a slowly but surely progressing sickness. To bring such a development is, then, nothing else but to sin against the will of the eternal creator.” Hitler (p.286)

“Development requires willingness on the part of the individual to sacrifice himself for the comomunity, and not the sickly imaginings of cowardly know-it-alls and critics of Nature.” Hitler (p.298)

“Those who are physically weak and mentally unhealthy and unworthy must not perpetuate their suffering in the body of their childre. In this the folkish state must perform the most gigantic educational task. And soe day this will seem to be a greater deed than the most vicorious wars of our present bourgeois era. By education it must teach the individual that it is no disgrace, but only a misforune deserving of pity, to be sick and weakly, but that it is a crime and hence at the same time a disgrace to dishonor one’s misfortune by one’s own egotism in burdening innocent creatures with it.” Hitler (p.404)

“And if there were really one healthy man among the cripples, he used up all his strength just ot keep the others on their feet, and in this way was himself crippled.” Hitler (p.516)

“The Republic is a slave colony of foreign countries and has no citizens, but at best subjects.” Hitler (p.571)

“People are not freed by doing nothing, but by sacrfices.” Hitler (p.682)

“Nature’s rule: the inner segreagation of the species of all living beings on tis earth.” Hitler (p.284)

The past does not determine the future, but it is the raw material from which the fuure will be made.” Mark Kishlansky (p.3)

“Time makes more converts than reason.” Thomas Paine (p.23)

“Society is producced by our wants, governmnet by our wickedness.” Thomas Paine (p.24)

“Never can true reconciliation grow, where wounds of deadly hate have pierced so deep.” Milton

“Youth is the seed time of good habits, as well in nations as in individuals.” Thomas Paine (p.56) Of all the creatures that breathe and move upon the earth, nothing is breed weaker than the man.” Homer (p.206)

“Politicians start wars. Soldiers fight and die in them.” Colin Powell

“Speak soflty, but carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt

“The invasion of armies can resisted, but not an idea whose time has come.” Victor Hugo

“The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on.They are sixteen years old and they have fitted the world situation up to this time. They fit it now.” Henry Ford in the New York World, February 17th, 1921

“Experience made art, but inexperience made luck.” Polus

“That which is the worst thing in refernce to the past ought to be regarded as best for the future.” Francis Bacon The Nature of Life

“Who has the youth, has the future.” Reinhold Wulle

“Those who are conquered, always want to imitate the conquered in his main characteristics-in his clothing, his crafts, and in all his distinctive traits and customs.” Ibn Khaldun

“Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment.” 1 Corinthians 10

“What is nature itself, but the art of God, or God, or God’s method of acting in the material world?” Gabriel Malagrida

“Don’t ever hope that your woes will end, b/c you would never know why you exist” Rousseau

“For me, I see everywhere that the misfortunes nature imposes upon us are less cruel than those which we add to them.” Rouseau

“The source of man’s unhappiness is his ignorance of Nature.” Baron d’Holbach

“The most important of our duties, then, is to seek means by which we may destroy delusions that can never do more than mislead us.” Baren d’Holbach

“Republican governemtn is where everyting is settled for the greatest good of the greatest number by the common sense of most, after the consultation of all.” Churchill

“There cannot be supposed any such subordination among us that may authotise us to destroy one another, as if we were made for one another’s uses, as the inferiro ranksof creatures are for ours.” John Locke The Second Treatise on Civil Government (p.10)

“By the right he hath ro preserve mankind in geeral, may restrain, or where it is necessary, destroy things noxious to them, and so may bring such evil on any one who hath transgressed that law, as may make him repent the doing of it, and thereby deter him, and, by his example, others from the like mischief. And in this case, and upon this ground, every man hath a right to punish the offender, and be executioner of the law of nature.” John Locke (p.11)

“Besides the crime which consists in violating the laws, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenrate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done, and some person or other, some other man, receives damage by his transgression; in which case, he who hath received any damage has particular right to seek reparation from him that hath done it.” John Locke (p.11)

“God, having made man sich a creature that, in his own judgment, it was not good for him to be alone, put him under strong obligations of necessity, convenience, and inclination, to drive him into society, as well as fitted him with understanding and language to continue and enjoy it.” John Locke (p.44)

“Since the outbreak of the French Revolution the world has been drifting toward a new conflict at an ever-increasing tempo. The most extreme resolution of this conflict will be in bolshevism, whose essence and goal, however, lies in the elimination and rplacement of the hitherto leading social classes of mankind to be brought about through internationally widespread Judaism.” Hermann Goering (p.291)

“In bourgeois society, therefore, the past dominates the present; in communist society, the present dominates the past.” Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

“You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths.” Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

“We have seen above that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class to win the battle of democracy.” Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

“Thus it seems that happienss is something final and self-sufficing, and is that end of all that man does.” Aristotle (p.59) Happiness, then, is at once the best and noblest and pleasantest thing in the world. Aristotle (p.62)

But nevertheless happiness plainly requires external goods too, as we said; for it is impossible, or at least not easy, to act nobly without some furniture or fortune. Aristotle (p.63) If you will not fight for right when you can easily win without bloodshed; if you will not fight when your victory will be sure and not too costly; you may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all odds against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may be even a worse fate. You may have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish than to live as slaves.” Winston Churchill

“Truth is sad.” Ignazio Silone (p.31)

“Freedom is not a thing that you receive as a gift. One can be free under a dictatorship on one simple condition, that is, if one struggles against it. A man who thinks with his own mind and remains uncorrupted is a free man. A man who struggles for what he believes to be right is a free man. You can live in the most democratic country in the world, and if you are lazy, callous, servile, you are nto free, in spite of the absence of violence and coercion, you are a slave. Freedom is not a thing that must be begged from others. You must take it for yourself, whatever share you can.” Ignazio Silone Bread & Wine (p.33)

“There’s nothing worse than a hen trying to lay down the law ot a cock.” (p.127)

“The time always comes when the young find that the bread and wine of their home have lost their flavour and they look elsewhere for their nourishment. Only the bread and wine of the tavern at the crossroads of the great highways can assuage their hunger and their thirst. But man cannot spend all his life in taverns.” Ignazio Silone Bread & Wine (p.146-7)

“When he was in a bad temper he’d beat me, but he was a good man.” Ignazio Silone (p.158-9)

“There is no life without struggle.” Ignazio Silone (p.169)

“Man really exists only in struggle against his own limitations.” Ignazio Silone (p.173)

“Politics is a luxury of the well fed.” Ignazio Silone (p.194)

“In reality, the more primtive a people is, the more is resents as an intolerable restraint any limitation of the liberty of the individual.” (p.386) Hitler Inside Hitler’s Germany (p.386)

Jeroboam did not give up his evil ways after this event, but again made priests for the high places from among the common people. Whoever desired it was consecrated and because a priest of the high places. This was a sin on the part of the house of Jeroboam for which it was to be cut off and destroyed from the earth.” Kings 13:33-34 (p.310)

“Many had fallen in battle, for victory is from God.” Chronicles 5:22

“See, God is with us, at our head, and his priests are here with trumpets to sound the attack against you.” 2 Chronicles 13:12

“He was prepared to seek God as long as Zechariah loved, who taught him to fear God; and as long as he sought the Lord, God made him prosper.” 2 Chronicles 26:5 (p.393)

“But after he had become strong, he became proud to his own destruction and broke faith with the Lord, his God.” 2 Chronicles 26:16 (p.393)

“Come, let us rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, so that we may no longer be an object of derision.” Nehemiah 2:17 (p.415)

“Accursed are all who speak a harsh word against you; accursed are all who destroy you and pull down your walls, and all who overthrow your towers and set fire to your homes; but forever blessed are all those who build you up. Go, then, rejoice over the children of the righteous, who shall all be gathered together and shall bless the Lord of the ages. Happy are those who love you, and happy those who rejoice in your prosperity. Happy are all the men who shall grieve over you, over all your chastisements, for they shall rejoice you as they behold all your joy forever.” Tobit 13:12-14 (p.440)

“But since we acknowledged no other god but the Lord, we hope that he will not disdain us or any of our people. If we are taken, all Judea will fall, our sanctuary will be plundered, and God will make us pay for its profanation with our life’s blood. For the slaughter of our kinsmen, for the taking of exiles from the land, and for the devastation of our inheritance, he will lay the guilt on our heads. Wherever we shall be enslaved among the nations, we shall be a mockery and a reproach in the eyes of our masters. Our enslavement will not be turned to our benefit, but the Lord our God will maintain it to our disgrace. Judith 8:20-23 (p.448)

“God is not man that he should be moved by threats, nor human, that he may be given an ultimatum.” Judith 8:16 (p.448)

“Your strength is not in numbers, nor does your power depend upon stalwart men; but you are the God of the lowly, the helper of the oppressed, the supporter of the weak, the protector of the forsaken, the savior of those without hope.” Judith 9:11 (p.449)

“You, the Lord, crush warfare; Lord is your name.” Judith 9:8 (p.449)

“Woe to the nations that rise against my people! The Lord Almighty will requite them; in the day of judgment he will punish them: He will send fire and worms into their flesh, and they shall burn and suffer forever.” Judith 16:17 (p.455)

“They entrusted their government to one man every year, to rule over their entire country, and they all obeyed that one, and there was no envy or jealousy among them.” Maccabees 8:16 (p.482) Ecclesiastes examines a wide range of human experience only to conclude that all things are vanity except the fear of the Lord and observance of his commandments, and that God requites man in his own good time. (p.518)

“With kings and counselors of the earth who built where now there are ruins. Or with princes who had gold and filled their houses with silver. Or why was I not buried away like an untimely birth, like babes that have never seen the light? There the wicked cease from troubling, there the weary are at rest. There the captives are at ease together, and hear not the voice of the slave driver. Small and great are there the same, and the servant is free from his master. Job 3:14-19 (p.521)

“Is not man’s life on earth a drudgery? Are not his days those of a hireling? He is a slave who longs for the shade, a hireling who waits for his wages. Job 6:7, 1-2 (p.523)

“If you inquire of the former generations, and give heed to the experience of the fathers (As we are but of yesterday and have no knowledge, because our days on earth are but a shadow), Will they not teach you and tell you and utter their words of understanding? Can the papyrus grow up without mire? Can the reed grass flourish without water? Job 8:8-11 (p.524)

“As marsh plants need water, so man needs God.” (p.524)

“Can you penetrate the designs of God? Dare you vie with the perfection of the Alimighty?” Job 11:7 (p.526)

“He makes nations great and he destroys them; he spreads peoples abroad and he abandons them.” Job 12:23 (p.526)

“Because he has blinded himself with his crassness, padding his loins with fat, He shall dwell in ruinous cities, in houses that are deserted, That are crumbling into clay with no shadow to lengthen over the ground. He shall not be rich, and his possessions shall not endure; for vain shall be his bartering. A flame shall wither him up in his early growth, and with the wind his blossoms shall disappear. His stalk shall wither before its time, and his branches shall be green no more. He shall be like a vine that sheds its grapes unripened, and like an olive tree casting off its bloom. For the breed of the impious shall be sterile, and fire shall consume the tents of extortioners. They conceive malice and bring forth emptiness; they give birth to failure.”Job 15:27-35 (p.528)

“Do you not know this from olden time, since man was placed upon the earth, That the triumph of the wicked is short and the joy of the impious but for a moment? Job 20:4-5 (p.531)

“He shall see no streams of oil, no torrents of honey or milk. Restoring his gains, he shall not enjoy them; though his wealth increases, he shall not rejoice. Because he has oppressed the poor, and stolen a patrimony he had not built up, Though he has known no quiet in his greed, his treasures shall not save him. Therefore his prosperity shall not endure, and his hands shall yield up his riches. When he abounds to overflowing, he shall be brought into straits, and nought shall be left of his goods. God shall send against him the fury of his wrath and rain down his missiles of war upon him. Job 20:17-23 (p.531)

“And treat raw gold like dust, and the fine gold of Ophir as pebbles from the brook, Then the Almighty himself shall be your gold and your sparkling silver.” Job 22:24-5 (p.533)

“For he brings down the pride of the haughty, but the man of humble mien he saves. God delivers him who is innocent; you shall be delivered through cleanness of hands.” Job 22:29-30 (p.533)

“The inaccessability of Wisdom: This chapter contains a beautifully vivid description of that Wisdom which is beyond the attainment of creatures; known only to God, it is reflected in the order and majesty of his creation. Man, however, can, in a way, participate in this Wisdom by fearing the LORD and avoiding evil. Scholars are not agreed regarding the authorship of this poem, though it is altogether worthy of the author of the Book of Job. Used here as a counterpoise to Job 3 at the beginning of the dialogue, it may have been first conceived as an independent poem.” (p.535)

“Whence, then, comes wisdom, and where is the place of understanding? It is hid from the eyes of any beast; from the birds of the air it is concealed. The path to it no bird of prey knows, nor has the hawk’s eye seen that path. The proud beasts have not trodden it, nor has the lion gone that way. The abyss declares, “It is not in me”; and the sea says, “I have it not. “God knows the way to it; it is he who is familiar with its place. For he beholds the ends of the earth and sees all that is under the heavens. He has set a boundary for the darkness; to the farthest confines he penetrates. He sets his hand to the flinty rock, and overturns the mountains at their foundations. He splits channels in the rocks; his eyes behold all that is precious. He probes the wellsprings of the streams, and brings hidden things to light. He has weighed out the wind, and fixed the scope of the waters; When he made rules for the rain and a path for the thunderbolts, Then he saw wisdom and appraised it, gave it its setting, knew it through and through. And to man he said: Behold, the fear of the LORD is wisdom; and avoiding evil is understanding. Job 28:20-22 (p.536)

“But it is a spirit in man, the breath of the Almighty, that gives him understanding. It is not those of many days who are wise, nor the aged who understand the right.” Job 32:8-9 (p.539)

“For God does speak, perhaps once, or even twice, though one perceive it not.” Job 33:14 (p.539)

“It is then he opens the ears of men and as a warning to them, terrifies them; By turning man from evil and keeping pride away from him, He withholds his soul from the pit and his life from passing to the grave.” Job 33:16-18 (p.539)

“Happy are those who take refuge in God.” Psalm 2:11 (p.548)

“How long will you people mock my honor, love what is worthless, chase after lies?” Psalm 4:3 (p.549)

“Tremble and do not sin; upon your beds ponder in silence. Offer fitting sacrifice and trust in the Lord.” Psalm 4:5-6 (p.549)

“Happy those to whom the LORD imputes no guilt, in whose spirit is no deceit.” Psalm 32:2 (p.564)

“The LORD foils the plan of nations, frustrates the designs of peoples. But the plan of the LORD stands forever, wise designs through all generations. Happy the nation whose God is the LORD, the people chosen as his very own.” Psalm 33:10-12 (p.565)

“Sin directs the heart of the wicked; their eyes are closed to the fear of God. For they live with the delusion: their guilt will not be known and hated. Empty and false are the words of their mouth; they have ceased to be wise and do good. In their beds they hatch plots; they set out on a wicked way; they do not reject evil.” Psalm 36:2-5 (p.567)

“Be still before the LORD; wait for God. Do not be provoked by the prosperous, nor by malicious schemers. Give up your anger, abandon your wrath; do not be provoked; it brings only harm.” Psalm 37:7-8 (p.568)

“Those whose steps are guided by the LORD; whose way God approves, May stumble, but they will never fall, for the LORD holds their hand.” Psalm 37:23-4 (p.568)

“The wicked have been corrupt since birth; liars from the womb, they have gone astray. Their poison is like the poison of a snake, like that of a serpent stopping its ears, So as not to hear the voice of the charmer who casts such cunning spells.” Pslam 58:4-6 (p.580)

“They scoff and spout their malice; from on high they utter threats. They set their mouths against the heavens, their tongues roam the earth. So my people turn to them and drink deeply of their words. They say, “Does God really know?”

“Does the Most High have any knowledge?” Such, then, are the wicked, always carefree, increasing their wealth. Psalm 73:8-12 (p.589)

“God does not destroy chaos but makes it part of the created order.” (p.608)

“Better to take refuge in the LORD than to put one’s trust in princes.” Psalm 118:9 (p.616)

“You reject all who stray from your laws, for vain is their deceit.” Psalm 119:118 (p.620)

“How precious to me are your designs, O God; how vast the sum of them! Were I to count, they would outnumber the sands; to finish, I would need eternity.” Psalm 139:17-18 (p.628)

“Who gives animals their food and ravens what they cry for. God takes no delight in the strength of horses, no pleasure in the runner’s stride. Rather the LORD takes pleasure in the devout, those who await his faithful care.” Psalm 147:9-11 (p.632)

“Hallelujah! Praise the LORD from the heavens; give praise in the heights. Praise him, all you angels; give praise, all you hosts. Praise him, sun and moon; give praise, all shining stars. Praise him, highest heavens, you waters above the heavens. Let them all praise the LORD’S name; for the LORD commanded and they were created, Assigned them duties forever, gave them tasks that will never change.” Psalm 148:1-6 (p.632)

That men may appreciate wisdom and discipline, may understand words of intelligence; May receive training in wise conduct, in what is right, just and honest; That resourcefulness may be imparted to the simple, to the young man knowledge and discretion. A wise man by hearing them will advance in learning, an intelligent man will gain sound guidance, That he may comprehend proverb and parable, the words of the wise and their riddles. The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge; wisdom and instruction fools despise.” Proverbs 1:2-7 (p.635)

“Thus you may walk in the way of good men, and keep to the paths of the just. For the upright will dwell in the land, the honest will remain in it; But the wicked will be cut off from the land, the faithless will be rooted out of it.” Proverbs 2:20-22 (p.636)

“Honor the LORD with your wealth, with first fruits of all your produce; Then will your barns be filled with grain, with new wine your vats will overflow.” Proverbs 3:9-10 (p.636) “Happy the man who finds wisdom, the man who gains understanding! For her profit is better than profit in silver, and better than gold is her revenue; She is more precious than corals, and none of your choice possessions can compare with her. Long life is in her right hand, in her left are riches and honor; Her ways are pleasant ways, and all her paths are peace; She is a tree of life to those who grasp her, and he is happy who holds her fast. The LORD by wisdom founded the earth, established the heavens by understanding; By his knowledge the depths break open, and the clouds drop down dew. My son, let not these slip out of your sight: keep advice and counsel in view; So will they be life to your soul, and an adornment for your neck. Then you may securely go your way; your foot will never stumble; When you lie down, you need not be afraid, when you rest, your sleep will be sweet. Honor is the possession of wise men, but fools inherit shame.” Proverbs 4:13-35 (p.637)

“Be not afraid of sudden terror, of the ruin of the wicked when it comes; For the LORD will be your confidence, and will keep your foot from the snare. Refuse no one the good on which he has a claim when it is in your power to do it for him. Say not to your neighbor, “Go, and come again, tomorrow I will give,” when you can give at once. Plot no evil against your neighbor, against him who lives at peace with you. Quarrel not with a man without cause, with one who has done you no harm. Envy not the lawless man and choose none of his ways: To the LORD the perverse man is an abomination, but with the upright is his friendship.” Proverbs 3:25-32 (p.637)

“The beginning of wisdom is: get wisdom; at the cost of all you have, get understanding. Extol her, and she will exalt you; she will bring you honors if you embrace her; She will put on your head a graceful diadem; a glorious crown will she bestow on you.” Proverbs 4:7-9 (p.637)

“There are six things the LORD hates, yes, seven are an abomination to him; Haughty eyes, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood; A heart that plots wicked schemes, feet that run swiftly to evil, The false witness who utters lies, and he who sows discord among brothers.” Proverbs 6: 16-19 (p.639)

“The fear of the LORD is to hate evil.” Proverbs 8:13 (p.640)

“When pride comes, disgrace comes; but with the humble is wisdom.” Proverbs 11:2 (p.643)

“For lack of guidance a people falls; security lies in many counselors.” Proverbs 11:14 (p.643)

“Him who monopolizes grain, the people curse—but blessings upon the head of him who distributes it!” Proverbs 11:26 (p.644)

“The fool immediately shows his anger, but the shrewd man passes over an insult.” Proverbs 12:16 (p.644)

“Walk with wise men and you will become wise, but the companion of fools will fare badly.” Proverbs 13:20 (p.645)

“The wise man is cautious and shuns evil; the fool is reckless and sure of himself.” Proverbs 14:16 (p.646)

“He sins who despises the hungry; but happy is he who is kind to the poor!” Proverbs 14:21 (p.646)

“Do not those who plot evil go astray? But those intent on good gain kindness and constancy.” Proverbs 14:22 (p.646)

“In all labor there is profit, but mere talk tends only to penury.” Proverbs 14:23 (p.646)

“He who oppresses the poor blasphemes his Maker, but he who is kind to the needy glorifies him.” Proverbs 14:31 (p.646)

“Virtue exalts a nation, but sin is a people’s disgrace.” Proverbs 14:34 (p.646)

The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the LORD, but the prayer of the upright is his delight.” Proverbs 15:8 (p.647)

Severe punishment is in store for the man who goes astray; he who hates reproof will die.” Proverbs 15:10 (p.647)

Every day is miserable for the depressed, but a lighthearted man has a continual feast. Proverbs 15:15 (p.647)

Plans fail when there is no counsel, but they succeed when counselors are many. Proverbs 15:22 (p.647)

The fear of the LORD is training for wisdom, and humility goes before honors. Proverbs 15:33 (p.647)

Entrust your works to the LORD, and your plans will succeed. Proverbs 16:3 (p.648)

The LORD has made everything for his own ends, even the wicked for the evil day. Proverbs 16:4 (p.648)

Every proud man is an abomination to the LORD; I assure you that he will not go unpunished. Proverbs 16:5 (p.648)

How much better to acquire wisdom than gold! To acquire understanding is more desirable than silver. Proverbs 16:16 (p.648)

On rebellion alone is the wicked man bent, but a merciless messenger will be sent against him. Proverbs 17:11 (p.649)

He who spares his words is truly wise, and he who is chary of speech is a man of intelligence. Proverbs 17:27 (p.650)

“We hold , they say, these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. In what are they created equal? Is it size, strength, understanding, figure, moral or civil accomplishments, or sitation of life? Every ploughman knows that they are not created in equal in any of these. All men, it is true, are equally created, but what is this to the purpose? It certainly is no reaons why the Americans should turn rebels because the peoepl of Great Britain are their fellow-creates, i.e., are created as well as themselves. It may be a reason why they should not rebel, but most indisputadly is none why they should. They there have introducced their self-evident truths, either ignorance or b design, with a self-evident falsehood; since I will defy any American rebel, or any of their patriotic retainers here in England, to point out to me any two men, throughout the whole world, of whom it may be truth be said that they are created equal. The next of their self-evident truths is that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights (the meaning of which words they appear not at all to understand); among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Let us put some of these words together. All men are endowned by their Creator with the unalienable right of life. How far they may be endowed with this inalienable right I do not yet say, but sure I am these gentry assume to themselves an unalienable right of talking nonsense. Was it ever heard since the introduction of blunders into the world that life was a man’s right? Life or animation is of the essence of human nature, and is that without which one is not a man, and therefore to call life a right is to betray a total ignorance of the meaning of words. A living man, i.e., a manwith life, hath a right to a great many things; but to say that a man with life hath a right to be a man with life is so purely American that I believe the texture of no other brain upon the face of the earth will admit the idea.” An Englishman (1776)

“Adversity is a great unifier.” W.D. Halls

“For a cure—communism—there needs to be a sickness first: capitalism.” Thomas P. Koziara

“Civilization is always a process: not a being but a becoming.” Alex Aronson

“History is the science of change.” Marc Bloch

“A new commandment I give unto to you: that ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another.” John 13:34

“I have suffered, friends, the worst horrors on earth, suffered against my will, I swear to god, not a single thing self-willed.“ Oedipus (p.315)

"In 1793, R.R. Palmer says “The wars of kings were over; the wars of people had begun.”

“Reporters are the stupendous fourth estate.” Thomas Carlyle

"Jefferson said that freed slaves could not live with whites on equal terms b/c of “deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites-ten thousand recollections by the blacks of the injuries they have sustained-new provocations-the real distinctions that nature has made, and many other circumstances which divide us into parties, and produce convulsions which would never end but with the extermination of one or the other race.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers (p.99) TJ in Notes on the State of Virginia: “If the blacks did not intermarry with the whites, they would remain black until the end of time; fir it was contended that liberating them would whitewash them; if they did intermarry with the whites, then the white race would be extinct, and the American people would all be of the mulatto breed. In whatever light therefore the subject was viewed, the folly of emancipation was manifest.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers (p.100-101)

“This ball of liberty, I blieve most piously, is now so well in motion that it will roll around the globe.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers (p.142)

“I am convincced they [the French] will triumph completely, & the consequent disgrace of the invading tyrants is destined, in the order of events, to kindle the wrath of the people of Europe against those who have dared to embroil them in such wickedness, and to bring at length, kings, nobles &priests to the scaffolds which they have been so long deluging with blood.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers (p.142)

“The liberty of the whole earth was depending on the issue of that contest, and was ever such a prize won with so little blood? My own affections have been deeply wounded by some of the martyrs to this cause, but rather than in it should have failed I would rather have seen the earth desolated. Were there but an Adam and Eve left in every country, and left free, it would be better than it is now.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers (p.142-3)

“May it be to the world, what I believe it will be, (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all,) the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-government…All eyes are opened or opening to the rights of man. The general spread of the light of science has already laid open to every view the palpable truth, that the mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, not a favored few, booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of God. These are grounds of hope for others; for ourselves, let the annual return of this day forever refresh our recollections of these rights, and an undiminished devotion to them.” Thomas Jefferson Founding Brothers - Letter on the Anniversary of 1776 for July 4, 1826 (p.246)

“Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others must be protected against their own actions as well as againts external injury.” John Stuart Mill On Liberty (p.9)

“No bourgeoisie, no democracy.” Barrington Moore, Jr.

“Commerce which has enriched the citizens of England has helped make them free…that liberty has in turn expanded omcmerce.” Voltaire.

“Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people…We do not get into a state a state with ouy next-door neighbour if he enjoys himself in his own way, nor do we give him the kind of black looks which, though they do no real harm, still do hurt people’s feelings.We are free and tolerant in our private lives; but in public affairs we keep to the law.” Pericles Funeral Oration

“We give our obedience to those whom we put in positions of authority, and we obey the laws themselves, especially those which are for the protection of the oppressed, and those unwritten laws which it is an acknowledged shame to break.” Pericles Funeral Oration

“Then ther eis a great difference between us and our opponents, in our attitude towards military security. Here are some examples: Our city is open ot the world, and we have no periodical deportations in order to prevent people observing or finding out secrets which might be of military advantage to the enemy. This is because we rely, not on secret weapons, but on our own real courage and loyalty.” Pericles Funeral Oration

“As for poverty, no one need be ashamed to admit it: the ream shame is in not taking practical measures to escape from it.” Pericles Funeral Oration

“You great glory is not to be inferior to what God has made you.” Pericles Funeral Oration

”One does not only defend oneself against a superior power when one is attacked; one takes measures in advance to prevent the attack materializing.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.421)

“So now in the same way make it your endeavour to raise this city to even greater heights, realizing that neither youth nor age can do anything one without the other, but that the greatest strength is developed when one has a combination where all sorts are respresented – the inferior types, the ordinary types, and the profoundly calculating types, all together.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.422)

“Remember, too, that the city, like everything else, will wear out of its own accord if it remains at rest, and its skill in everything will grow out of date; but in conflict it will constantly be gaining new experience and growing more used to defend itself not by speeches, but in action. In general, my view is that a city which is active by nature will soon ruin itself if it changes its nature and becomes idle, and that the way that men find their greatest security is in accepting the character and the institutions which they actually have, even if they are not perfect, and in living as nearly as possible in accordance with them.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.422)

“Socrates is ocmmitting an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument defeat the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example.” Plato Apology

“No one knows with regard to death whether it is not really the greatest blessing that can happen to a man; but people dread it as though they were certain that it is the greatest evil; and this ignorance, which thinks that it knows what it does not, must surely be ignorance most culpable. That, I take it, gentlemen, is the extent, and this the nature of my superiorty over the rest of mankind; and if I were to claim to be wiser than my neighbour in any respect, it would be in this: that not possesssing any real knowledge of what awaits us in Hades, I am also conscious that I do not possess it.” Plato Apology

“The true champion of justice, if he intends to survive even for a short time, must necessarily confine himself to private life and leave politics alone.” Plato Apology (p.58-9)

“Perhaps someone will say, ‘But surely, Socrates, after you have left us you can spend the rest of your life in quietly minding your own business.’ This is the hardest thing of all to make some of you understand. If I say that this would be disobedience to God, and that is why I cannot ‘mind my own business’, you will not believe me – you’ll think I’m pulling your leg.” Plato Apology (p.66)

“You too, gentlemen of the jury, must look forward to death with confidence, and fix your minds on this one belief, which is certain: that nothing can harm a good man either in life or after death, and his fortunes are not a matter of indifference to the gods.” Plato Apology (p.70)

“Well, now it is time to be off, I to die and you to live; but which of us has the happier prospect is unknown to anyone but God.” Plato Apology (70)

“Socrates introduces the voice of the Laws of Athens, who persuade him that justice requires him to stay and face death. They claim that escaping would be unjust because (i) it would constitute a step towards their own destruction, and (ii) there is an agreement between him and the Laws, akin to that between a son and his parents and of even greater weight, requiring filial obedience on his part in return for the upbrining they have given him.” Plato Crito (p.89)

“Did we not give you life in the first place? Was it not through us that your father married your mother and brought you into this world? Tell us, have you any complaint against those of us Laws that deal with marriage?” Plato Crito (p.90)

“…we maintain that anyone who disobeys is guilty of doing wrong on three separate counts: first because we brought him into the world, and secondly because we reared him; nad thirdly because, after promising obedience, he is neither obeying us not persuading us to change our decision if we are at fault in any way; and although we set a choice before him and do not issue savage commands, giving him the choice of either persuading us or doing twhat we say, he is actually doing neither.” Plato Crito (p.92)

“As it is, you will leave this place, when you do, as the victim of a wrong done not by us, the laws, but by your fellow-men. But if you leave in that dishonourable way, returning injustice for injustice and injury for injury, breaking your agreements and covenants with us, and injuring those whom you least ought to injure – yourself, your friends, your country, and us – then you will have to face our anger while you live, and in that place beyond when our brothers, the Laws of Hades, know that you have done your best to destroy even us, they will not receive you with a kindly welcome.” Plato Crito (p.95-6)

“I much fear that by attempting to form the mind and feelings on an exclusively religious type, and discarding those secular standards (as for want of a better name they may be called) which heretofore coexisted with and supplemented the Christian ethics, receiving some of its spirit, and infusing into it some of theirs, there will result, and is even resulting, a low, abject, servile type of character which, submit itself to or sympathizing in the conception of Supreme Goodness.” John Stuart Mill On Liberty

“If civilization has got the better of barbarism when barbarism had the world to itself, it is too much to profess to be afraid lest barbarism, after having been fairly got under, should revive and conquer civilization. A civilization that can thus succumb to its vanquished enemy must first have become so degenerate that neither its appointed priests and teachers, nor anybody else, has the capacity, or will take the trouble, to stand up for it. If this be so, the sooner such a civilization receives notices to quit, the better. It can only go on from bad to worse until destroyed and generated (like the Western Empire) by energetic barbarians.” John Stuart Mill On Liberty (p.90-91).

“Unless, indeed, when society in general is in so backward a state that it could not or would not provide for itself any proper institutions of education unless the governemtn undertook the task, then, indeed, the government may, as the less of two great evils, take upon itself the business of schools and universities, as it may that of joint stock companies when private enterprise in a shape fitted for undertaking great works of industry does not exist in the country.” John Stuart Mill On Liberty (p.105)

“We do not want any trouble in brining you into our empire, and we want you to be spared for the good both of yourselves and of ourselves. Melians: And how could it be just as good for us to be the slaves as for you to be the masters? Athenians: You, by giving in, would save yourselves from disaster; we, by not destroying you, would be able to profit from you. ” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.402?)

“As a matter of fact we are not so much frightened of states on the continent. They have their liberty, and this means that it will be a long time before they begin to take precautions against us. We are more concerned about islanders like yourselves, who are still unsubdued, or subjects who have already become embittered by the constraints which our empire imposes on them. These are the people who are most likely our empire imposes on them. These are the people who are most likely to act in a reckless manner and to bring themselves and us, too, into the most obvious danger. Melians: Then surely, if such hazards are taken by you to keep your empire and by your subjects to escape from it, we who are still free would show yourselves great cowards and weaklings if we failed to face everything that comes rather than submit to slavery. Athenians: No, not if you are sensible. This is no fair fight, with honour on one side and shame on the other. If is rather a question of saving your lives and not resisting those who are far too strong for you.”Athens on the Melians Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.403)

“You will see that there is nothing disgraceful in giving way to the greatest city in Hellas when she is offering you such reasonable terms – alliance on a tribute-paying basis and liberty to enjoy your own property. And, when you are allowed to choose between war and safety, you will not be so insensitively arrogant as to make the wrong choice. This is the safe rule – to stand up to one’s equals, to behave with deference toward one’s superiors, and to treat one’s inferiors with moderation.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.406-7)

“Leadership depends on superior strength and not on any goodwill of theirs.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.213) Cleon

“Personally I have had occasion foten enough already to observe that a democracy is incapable of governing others, and I am all the more convinced of this when I see how you are not changing your minds about the Mytilenians.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.213) Cleon

“And this is the very worst thing – to pass measures and then not to abide by them. We should realize that a city is better off with bad laws, so lon as they remain fixed, then with good laws that are constantly being altered, that lack of learning combined with sound common sense is more helpful than the king of cleverness that gets out of hand, and that as a general rule states are better governed by the man in the street than by intellectuals. These are the sort of people who want to appear wiser than the laws, who want to get their own way in every general discussion, because they feel that they cannot show off their intelligence in matters of greater importance, and who, as a result very often bring ruin on their country. But the other kind – the people who are not so confident in their own intelligence – are prepared to admit that the laws are wiser than they are and that they lack the ability to pull to pieces a speech made by a good speaker; they are unbiased judges, and not people taking part in some kind of a competition; so things usually go well when they are in control.” Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (p.213) Cleon

“The fact is that when great prosperity comes suddenly and unexpectedly to a state, it usually breeds arrogance.” Cleon Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (215)

“…it is a general rule of human nature that people despise those who treat them well and look up to those who make no concessions.” Cleon Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (215)

“…it is only human to make mistakes.” Cleon Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (216)

“Those who do wrong to a neighbour when there is no reason to do so are the ones who persevere to the point of destroyinh ihm, since they see the danger involved in allowing their enemy to survive. For he who has suffered for no good reason is a more dangerous enemy, if he escapes, than the one who has both done and suffered energy.” Cleon Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (217)

“Hope and desire persist throughout and cause the greatest calamities – one leading and the other following, one conceiving the enterprise, and the other suggesting that it will be successful – invisible factors, but more powerful than the terrors that are obvious to our eyes.” Diodotus Thucydides The History of the Peloponessian War (220)

“And inasmuch as they cannot live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race.” Abraham Lincoln Lincoln at Gettysburg (93)

“I give him the most solemn pledge that I will to the very last stand by the law of this State, which forbids the marrying of white people with negroes.” Abraham Lincoln Lincoln at Gettysburg (94)

States go to war out of “honor, fear, and self-interest.” Thucydides

“It is proper that Greeks should rule non-Greeks.” Euripedes

“No word-at least not in the rather metaphorical sense I am employing the word “word” here-comprises only the meaning assigned to it by an etymological dictionary. The meaning of every word also reflects the person who utters it, the situation in which it is uttered, and the reason for its utterance. The selfsame word can, at one moment, radiate great hopes, at another, it can emit lethal rays. The selfsame word can be true at one moment and false the next, at one moment illuminating, at another deceptive. One one occasion it can open up glorious horizons, on another it can lay down the tracks to an entire archipelgao of concentration camps. The selfsame word can at one time be the cornerstone of peace, while at another, machine-gun fire resounds in its every syllable.” Vaclav Havel

“…amnesia is more likely to be induced by a desire for reconciliation…[while] memory is more likely to be activated by ocntestation.” Michael Kammen

“The people made their recollection fit in with their sufferings.” Thucydides

“The tragecy of Reconstruction is rooted in this American paradox: the imperative of healing and the imperative of justice could not, ultimately, cohabit the same house. The one was the prisoner of memory, the other a creature of law.” David W. Blight Race and Reunion (p.57)

“All memory is prelude.” David W. Blight Race and Reunion (p.397)

“The twisted and depraved hearts of mortals nevertheless think that human affairs are prosperous when the splendow of buildings is attended to and the collapse of souls is not, when massive theatres are built up and the foundations of the virtues are undermined, when the insanity of extravagance is glorified and the works of mercy ridiculed, when actors grow dissolute on the affluence of the rich and the poor barely have the necessities of life; when God, who cries out against this public evil through public declarations of his teachings, is blasphemed by by impious peopels and such gods are demanded as those in whose honor the theatrical disgraces of body and soul are celebrated.” Thomas Aquinas Political Writings (p.209)

“How then can you expect me to magnify the great number of evils that iniquity, encouraged by the rise of prosperity, ushered in, when indeed even the more prudent among the pagans who directed their attention toward these matters realized that losing Roman poverty needed to be grieved more than losing Roman wealth? Integrity of morals was preserved through poverty, but through wealth a horrible wickedness, worse than any enemy, breached not the walls but the kind of the city.” Thomas Aquinas on Rome’s Fall Political Writings

“By ‘the stars of the heavens’ the very few, the very strong, and very brilliant might be understood, but by ‘the sand sof the seashore’ the great multitude of the weak and carnal. Sometimes, in a tranquil age, these sands appear to be at rest and free, but they are also sometimes overwhelmed and disturbed by waves of tribulations and temptations.” Thomas Aquinas on Gn 22:17 Political Writings (p.243)

“If we consider what was the start of the downfall of the Roman empire, it will be found that it was simply when the Goths started to be hired as mercenaries. To that small beginning can be traced the enervation of the forces of the Roman empire. And the Goths inherited the prowedd which the Romans lost. I conclude, therefore, that unless it ocmmands its own arms no principality is secure; rather, it is dependent on fortune, since there is no valour and no loyalty to defend it when adversity comes.” Machiavelli (p.47 2003)

“I also believe that the one who adapts his policy to the times prospers, and likewise that the one whose policy clashes with the demands of the times does not.” Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince (p.80 2003)

“Therefore if your illustrious House wants to emulate those eminent men who saved their countries, before all else it is essential for it, as the right basis for every campaign, to raise a citizen army; for there can be no more loyal, more true, or better troops.” Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince (p.84)

“And if a weaker Prince, make a disadvantageous peace with a stronger, for feare; he is bound to keep it; unlesse (as hath been sayd before) there ariseth some new, and just cause of feare, to renew the war.” (p.77)

“For the greatest and most active part of mankind, has never hetherto been well contented with the present.” (p.180)

“Socialism is a punishment for the moral failure of a society.” Edward Rozek

“Mendacity is harmful, but veracity is more damaging.” Thomas P. Koziara

“History provices a whole storehouse of experiments on dead people. Studying such experiments is cheap (no small matter when funds are short); and it does not use people (often the poor) as live guinea pigs.” David Tyack and Larry Cuban Tinkering Towards Utopia (p.6)

“Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong.” Stephen Decatur or Edward Preble - 1815

“Recovery of the experienced past in a literal sense is, as we have seen, not possible.” Paul A. Cohen, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (59)

“The past actually lived, in short, consists of a continuum of different kinds of experience…” Paul A. Cohen, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (61)

“Historians, in short, not unlike translators, must ne acquainted with two languages, in our case those of the present and of the past, and it is the need to navigate back and forth between those two very different realms, incessantly, sensitively, and with as much honesty as possible, that is the ultimate source of tension in our work.” Paul A. Cohen, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (297)

“Life is short, but what to do?” Ziggy Koziara

“What forces can defeat history? None. History is unconquerable; it cannot be dominated without it overcoming you.” Thomas P. Koziara

“The courses of history, painful but great, instructive and combative, chaotic but semi-regularized, cyclic and linear, they are the forces of nature and human folly that develop the present and future with certainty. Fighting against

the courses of history is fighting a battle against God – futile.” Thomas P. Koziara – February 16, 2004

“Revolution is a universal rule of evolution. Revolution is a universal principle of the world. Revolution is the essence of a transitional period of struggle for survival. Revolution follows nature nad corresponds to the nature of man. Revolution eliminates what is corrupt and hols on to what is good. Revolution is to advance from savagery to civilization> Revolution is to eradicate slavery and become the master.” Zou Rong (198)

“If there is to be great construction, there must be destruction.” Zou Rong (199)

“…close up all the schools and universities of China, and you wouldn’t have to bother your head about COMmunism, Fascism, and Democracy, and universal suffrage, and emancipation of women, and we poor folk would still be able to live in peace and prosperity.” Zhang Zongchang (231)

“…this world is always burning…” World of the Buddha (56)

“I am a Christian in the only sense in which he [Jesus] wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence; and believing he never claimed any other.” Hhe was opposed to the “corruptions” of Christianity. Thomas Jefferson (p.67) American Education

“Capitalism is an offensive weapon to wage a social war to keep society healhty and prosperous to fight wars of survival. Communism is an altruistic tool to distribute equal conditions to all, but it is not on the offensive to fight against regression. It makes regression.” Thomas P. Koziara March 16, 2004

“The Master said, By nature, [people are] near together; by practice far apart.” Confucius (209)

“Memory is short.” Hans Gobeler and James Sanders (402) in Studds Terkel

“Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States, has given to the people of America a New Deal. Il Duce, Signor Benito Mussolini, has given the Italian people his New Deal in the form of Fascism. The Reichsfuhrer, Herr Adolf Hitler, is beloved by the people of Germany because he has given them his New Deal—National Socialism. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and severla other nations have also received their New Deals…And now, in China, the Chinese people are being givne a New Deal in the form of New Life Movement by the Chairman of the Executive Yuan and Generalissimo of the Nationalist Forces of China, General Chiang Kai-shek.” Chen Hanming (294) The Search for Modern China

“no greater retrograde force exists in the world....Besides the fanatical frenzy, which is as dangerous in a man as rabbies in a dog, there is this fearful fatalistic apathy. The effects are apparent in many countries... Improvident habits, sluggish methods of commerce, and insecurity of property exist wherever the followers of the Prophet rule or live... ....The influence of the religion paralyzes the social development of those who follow it.” - - Winston Churchill

“Nothing matters more to the future of our country; not out military preparedness, for armed might is worthless if we lack the brinapower to build a world of peace; not out productive economy, for we cannot sustain growth without trained manpower.” LBJ The Struggle for Public Education (26)

“If an unfriendly foreign power and had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.” A Nation At Risk in The Struggle for Public Education (27)

“The tone and tendency of liberalism...is to attack the institutions of the country under the name of reform and to make war on the manners and customs (and freedom) of the people under the pretext of progress.” Disraeli

“The New Deal had nothing to do with recovery - it was the deceitful imposition of Marxism using the Depression as an excuse. FDR’s own words: FDR ridiculed the sign on Secretary of Treasury Morgenthau’s desk, “Does It Contribute to Recovery,” proclaiming instead, ‘This is politics.’” Morgenthau

“The Russian newspapers during the last election (1932) published the photograph of Franklin D. Roosevelt over the caption ‘the first communistic President of the United States’.” Senator Thomas D. Schall

“The greatest enemy of truth is very often not the lie - deliberate, contrived and dishonest - but the myth - persistent, persuasive and unrealistic.” JFK, June 11, 1962

“Karl Marx is going to win this war.” Father Coughlin

“Experience shows, even from earliest times, that cities renowned for wealth, dominion, and glory perished as a result of this single evil, namely immoderate freedom of opinion, license of free speech, and desire for novelty.” On Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism - Mirari Vos Encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI - August 15, 1832

“Care must be taken lest the people, being deceived, are led away from the straight path.” On Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism - Mirari Vos Encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI - August 15, 1832

“These beautiful examples of the unchanging subjection to the princes necessarily proceeded from the most holy precepts of the Christian religion. They condemn the detestable insolence and improbity of those who, consumed with the unbridled lust for freedom, are entirely devoted to impairing and destroying all rights of dominion while bringing servitude to the people under the slogan of liberty. Here surely belong the infamous and wild plans of the Waldensians, the Beghards, the Wycliffites, and other such sons of Belial, who were the sores and disgrace of the human race; they often received a richly deserved anathema from the Holy See. For no other reason do experienced deceivers devote their efforts, except so that they, along with Luther, might joyfully deem themselves “free of all.” To attain this end more easily and quickly, they undertake with audacity any infamous plan whatever.” On Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism - Mirari Vos Encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI - August 15, 1832

“The space between heaven and earth is like a bellows. The shape changes but not the form; the more it moves, the more it yields. More words count less. Hold fast to the center.” Lao Tsu (7)

“Heaven and earth last forever. Why do heaven and earth last forever? They are unborn, so ever living.” Lao Tsu (9)

“The highest good is like water. Water gives life to ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men reject and so is like the Tao.” Lao Tsu (10)

“Knowing the ancient beginning is the essenc eof Tao.” Lao Tsu (16)

“Observors of the Tao do not seek fulfillment. Not seeking fulfillment, they are not swayed by desire for change.” Lao Tsu (17)

“Returning to the source is stillness, which is the way of nature.” Lao Tsu (18)

“Give up learning, and put an end to your troubles. Is there a difference between yes and no? Is there a difference between good and evil? Must I fear what others fear? What nonsense! Other people are contented, enjoying the sacrificial feast of the ox.” Lao Tsu (22)

“If heaven and earth cannot make things eternal, how is it possible for man?” Lao Tsu (25)

“Something mysteriousl formed, born before heaven and earth. In the silence and the void, standing alone and unchanging, ever present and in motion. Perhaps it is the mother of ten thousand things. I do not know its name, call it Tao. For lack of a better word, I call it great. Being great, it flows, It flows far away. Having gone far, it returns. Therefore, ‘Tao is great; Heaven is great; earth is great; the king (man) is also great.’ These are the four great powers of the universe, and the king is one of them. Man follows the earth. Earth follows heaven. Heaven follows the Tao. Tao follows what is natural.” Lao Tsu (27)

“Know the white, but keep the black!” Lao Tsu (30)

“Do you think you can take over the universe and improve it? I do not believe it can be done. The universe is sacred. You cannot improve it. If you try to change it, you will ruin it. If you try to hold it, you will lose it. SO sometimes things are ahead and sometimes they are behind; sometimes breathing is hard, sometimes it comes easily; sometimes there is strength and sometimes weakness; sometimes one is up and sometimes down. Therefore the sage avoids extremes, excesses, and complacency.” Lao Tsu (31)

“That which goes against the Tao comes to an early end.” Lao Tsu (32)

“The Tao is forever undefined. Small though it is in the unformed state, it cannot be grasped. If kings and lords could harness it, the ten thousand things would naturally obey. Heaven and earth would come together and gentle rain fall. Men would need no more instruction and all things would take their course.” Lao Tsu (34)

“Perseverance is a sign of willpower.” Lao Tsu (35)

“It [Tao] has no aim.” Lao Tsu (36)

“Without form there is no desire. Without desire there is tranquility. And in this way all things would be at peace.” Lao Tsu (39)

“Therefore when Tao is lost, there is goodness. When goodness is lost, there is kindness. When kindness is lost, there is justice. When justice is lost, there is justice. When justice is lost, there is ritual. Now ritual is the husk of faith and loyalty, the beginning of confusion. Knowledge of the future is only a flowerly trapping of Tao. It is the beginning of folly.” Lao Tsu (40)

“Returning is the motion of the Tao. Yielding is the way of the Tao. The ten thousand things are born of being. Being is born of not being.” Lao Tsu (42) “The wise student hears of the Tao and practices it diligently. The average student hears of the Tao and gives it thought now and again. The foolish student hears of the Tao and laughs aloud. If there were no laughter, the Tao would not be what it is.” Lao Tsu (43)

“The softest thing in the universe overcomes the hardest thing in the universe. That without substance can enter where there is no room. Hence I know the value of non-action.” Lao Tsu (44)

“Great straightness seems twisted. Great intelligence seesm stupid. Great eloquence seems awkward. Movement overcomes cold. Stillness overcomes heat. Stillness and tranquility set things in order in the universe.” Lao Tsu (47)

“When the Tao is present in the universe, the horses haul manure. When the Tao is absent from the universe, war horses are bred outside the city.” Lao Tsu (48)

“There is no greater sin than desire, no greater curse than discontent.” Lao Tsu (48)

“In the pursuit of learning, every day something is acquired. In the pursuit of Tao, every day something is dropped. Less and less is done until non-action is achieved. When nothing is done, nothing is left undone. The world is ruled by letting things take their course. It cannot be ruled by interfering.” Lao Tsu (50)

“The world is ruled by letting things take their course. It cannot be ruled by interfering.” Lao Tsu (50)

“All things arise from Tao. They are nourished by Virtue. They are formed from matter. They are shaped by environment. Thus the ten thousand things all respect Tao and honor Virtue. Respect of Tao and honor Virtue are not demanded, but they are in the nature of things.” Lao Tsu (53)

“The beginning of the universe is the mother of all things. Knowing the mother, one also knows the sons.” Lao Tsu (54)

“When the court is arrayed in splendor, the fields are full of weeds, and the granaries are bare. Some wear gorgeous clothes, carry sharp swords, and indulge themselves with food and drink; they have more possessions than they can use. They are robber barons. This is certainly not the way of the Tao.” Lao Tsu (55)

“The more laws and restrictions there are, the poorer people become. The sharper men’s weapons, the more trouble in the land. The more ingenious and clever men are, the more strange things happen. The more rules and regulations, the more thieves and robbers.” Lao Tsu (59)

“A great nation needs more people; a small country needs to serve. Each gets what it wants. It is fitting for a great nationto yield.” Lao Tsu (63)

“He who acts defeats his own purpose; he who grasps loses.” Lao Tsu (66)

“The Tao of heaven does not strive, and yet it overcomes. It does not speak, and yet it is answered. It does not ask, yet is supplied with all its needs. IT seems to have no aim and yet its purpose is fulfilled.” Lao Tsu (75)

“Therefore the stiff and unbending is the disciple of death. The gentle and yielding is the disciple of life. Thus an army without flexibility never wins in battle. A tree is unbending is easily broken. The hard and strong will fall. The soft and weak will overcome.” Lao Tsu (78)

“The Tao of heaven is like the bending of a bow. The high is lowered, and the low is raised. If the string is too long; it is shortened; if there is not enough, it is made longer.” Lao Tsu (79)

“The Tao of heaven is to take from those who have too much and give to those who do not have enough. Man’s way is different. He takes from those who do not have enough to give to those who already have too much. What man has more than enough and gives it to the world? Only the man of Tao.” Lao Tsu (79)

“The real guide, therefore, does not only give the pupil the truth but offers conditions that help the pupil discover the truth for himself.” Jacob Needleman in Lao Tsu (86)

“The human being is a microcosm. By seeing within, one can know the laws of the universe.” Jacob Needleman in Lao Tsu (98)

“Speaking very generally, modern dependency theory is based on the following set of propositions: (1) the development of an econoically dominant region imposes dependency on the other countries and regions that it dominates. (2) Dependency, however, cannot be attributed solely to external forces; it owes in part to internal infrastructural weakness. (3) Dependency creates underdevelopment, for it is not in the interests of tdominant centers to encourage or even allow the development of suboridnate regions. (4) Thus, underdevelopment is a chronic state that cannot be escaped through evolutionary stages of advancement; countries such as England were never dependent or underdeveloped, they were simply once undeveloped. (5) Underdevelopment can only be remedied by the elimination of external and internal structures of dependency.” Lyle N. McAlister Spain and Portugal in the New World 1492-1700 (387)

1806, Council of the Indies made this consulta (formal opinion): “If it is undeniable that the existence of various hierarchies and classes is of the greatest importance to the existence and stability of a monarchical state, since a graduated system of depndence and subordination sustains and insures the obedience and respect of the last vassal to the authority of the sovereign, with much more reason such a system is necessary in America, not only because iof its greater distance from the throne, but also because of the number of that class of people who, because of their vicious origin and nature, are not comparable to the commoners of Spain and constiture a very inferior species.” Lyle N. McAlister Spain and Portugal in the New World 1492-1700 (449)

“Also emigration per se tends to drain off the most vigorous and entperising elements of a nation’s people.” Lyle N. McAlister Spain and Portugal in the New World 1492-1700 (475)

“What happened, what we recall, what we recover, what we relate, are often sadly different.” Bernard Lewis

“In America, the deep differences between the North and South more than one hundred years ago led to the CiviL War.” Mr. Hu (360)

“Revolution is the struggle between the new and the old.” Wei Jingsheng (164)

“Will democracy emerge by itself at the endo f a natural and necessary evolution? Certainly not. On the way toward democracy, the smallest victory will exact a terrible price; let us have no illusions; democracy will be reached only after bloody sacrifices.” Wei Jingsheng (173)

He wrote Eastern and Western Civilizations and Their Philosophies. He said the West was based on two legs: 1) rational calculation focusing on the external world that gave rise to the development of science and to trying to master the environment; 2) rational calculation that focused on individual self-interest that led to demo and its communal arena of communism. Liang Shuming.

“In those days the world teemed, the people multiplied, the world bellowed like a wild bull, and the great god was aroused by the clamour. Enlil heard of the slamour and he said to the gods in council, ‘The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel.’ So the gods agreed to exterminate mankind. Enlil did this, but Ea because of his oath warned me in a dream. He whispered their words to my house of reeds, ‘Reed-house, reed-house! Wall, O wall, hearken reed-house, wall reflect; O man of Shurrupak, son of Ubara-Tutu; tear down your house and build a boat, abandon possessions and look for life, despise worldly goods and save your soul alive. Year down your house, I say, and build a boat. These are the measurements of the barque as you shall build her: let her beam equal her length, let her deck be roofed like the vault that covers the abyss; then take up into the boat the seed of all living creatures.” [The Great Flood in the Old Testament followed] The Epic of Gilgamesh Sources of the West (2)

“It is something in Polish nature, in Polish history, that we are very good at winning fights but then very bad at using the victory.” Andrzej Lepper

“In the absence of any stimulation caused by danger, hardship, or even cultural difference, most utopian communities deteriorate into placid but enervating backwaters.” Practing to Take the GRE General Test

“The kind invitation I receive from you, on the part of the citizens of the city of Washington, to be present with them at their celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence, as one of the surviving signers of an instrument pregnant with our own, and the fate of the world, is most flattering to myself, and heightened by the honorable accompaniment proposed for the comfort of such a journey. It adds sensibly to the sufferings of sickness, to be deprived by it of a personal participation in the rejoicings of that day. But acquiescence is a duty, under circumstances not placed among those we are permitted to control.” Thomas Jefferson Fiftieth Anniversary of American Independence

“May it be to the world, what I believe it will be, (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all,) the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-government. That form which we have substituted, restores the free right to the unbounded exercise of reason and freedom of opinion. All eyes are opened, or opening, to the rights of man. The general spread of the light of science has already laid open to every view the palpable truth, that the mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, nor a favored few booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of God. These are grounds of hope for others.” Thomas Jefferson Fiftieth Anniversary of American Independence

“Recent years have seen new approaches to women’s issues” including a tendency “to emphasize strongly conditions of subordination in order to give rise to antagonism,” The document, which re-stated Catholic Church positions, including the ban on female priests, said that many women felt they had to be “adversaries of men” in order to be themselves. “Faced with the abuse of power, the answer for women is to seek power. This process leads to opposition between men and women ... which has its most immediate and lethal effects in the structure of the family.” It criticizes feminism’s attempt to erase gender differences. This has “inspired ideologies which, for example, call into question the family in its natural two-parent structure of mother and father, and make homosexuality and heterosexuality virtually equivalent, in a new model of polymorphous sexuality.” Vatican on Feminism Vatican Says Modern Feminism Threatens Families (July 31, 2004)

“Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.” James Madison Federalist Paper 10

“From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions.” James Madison Federalist Paper 10

“I hate their [US] arrogance, I hate their unilateralism.” José Manuel Barroso

“Fortune is like a woman—if you miss her to-day, think not to find her to-morrow.” Napoleon

“There is no greater misfortune for a man than to be governed by his wife: in such case he is neither himself nor his wife, he is a perfect nonentity.” Napoleon

“Do you think I am superstitious? I am a super-atheist.” Gandhi “The Bible is not my book nor Christianity my profession.” Abraham Lincoln

“The purpose of separation of church and state is to keep forever from these shores the ceaseless strife that has soaked the soil of Europe in blood for centuries.” James Madison

“Conscience is the most sacred of all property.” James Madison

“Torrents of blood have been spilt in the world in vain attempts of the secular arm to extinguish religious discord, by proscribing all differences in religious opinions.” James Madison

“God is a word to express, not our ideas, but the want of them.” John Stuart Mill

“Oh senseless man, who cannot possibly make a worm, and yet will make Gods by dozens.” Michel Eyquem de Montaigne

“Thrust your head into the public street, to gaze on Christian fools with varnish’d faces.” Shakespeare

“The memory of my own suffering has prevented me from ever shadowing one young soul with the superstitions of the Christian religion.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton

“War is always to some degree revolutionary, because it accelerates the rate of change…” William B. Willcox and Walter L. Arnstein The Age of Aristocracy: 1688 to 1830

“The English, unlike the French, coul claim to have limited arbitrary royal power, to have established an independent judiciary, and to have begun to tolerate a diversity of religions; these achievements bred complacency throughout English society.” William B. Willcox and Walter L. Arnstein The Age of Aristocracy: 1688 to 1830

“To be civilized meant to be free of the passions, religious as much as political, that had convulsed the past; and good form was the mark of freedom.” 18th C Opinion William B. Willcox and Walter L. Arnstein The Age of Aristocracy: 1688 to 1830

“These half-civilized governments all require a dressing every eight or ten years to keep them in order. Their minds are too shallow to receive an impression that will last longer than some such period and warning is of little use. They care little for words, and they must not only see the stick but actually feel it on their shoulders before they yield to that only argument which to them brings conviction, the argumentum baculinum.” Lord Palmerston Britain Yesterday and Today: 1830 to the Present (p.68)


PICKTHAL: The people of the Scripture ask of thee that thou shouldst cause an (actual) Book to descend upon them from heaven. They asked a greater thing of Moses aforetime, for they said: Show us Allah plainly. The storm of lightning seized them for their wickedness. Then (even) after that) they chose the calf (for worship) after clear proofs (of Allah’s Sovereignty) had come unto them. And We forgave them that! And We bestowed on Moses evident authority. SHAKIR: The followers of the Book ask you to bring down to them a book from heaven; so indeed they demanded of Musa a greater thing than that, for they said: Show us Allah manifestly; so the lightning overtook them on account of their injustice. Then they took the calf (for a god), after clear signs had come to them, but We pardoned this; and We gave to Musa clear authority. 004.154 YUSUFALI: And for their covenant we raised over them (the towering height) of Mount (Sinai); and (on another occasion) we said: “Enter the gate with humility”; and (once again) we commanded them: “Transgress not in the matter of the sabbath.” And we took from them a solemn covenant. PICKTHAL: And We caused the Mount to tower above them at (the taking of) their covenant: and We bade them: Enter the gate, prostrate! and We bode them: Transgress not the Sabbath! and We took from them a firm covenant. 
SHAKIR: And We lifted the mountain (Sainai) over them at (the li taking of the covenant) and We said to them: Enter the door making obeisance; and We said to them: Do not exceed the limits of the Sabbath, and We made with them a firm covenant. 004.155 YUSUFALI: (They have incurred divine displeasure): In that they broke their covenant; that they rejected the signs of Allah; that they slew the Messengers in defiance of right; that they said, “Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah’s Word; We need no more)”;- Nay, Allah hath set the seal on their hearts for their blasphemy, and little is it they believe;- PICKTHAL: Then because of their breaking of their covenant, and their disbelieving in the revelations of Allah, and their slaying of the prophets wrongfully, and their saying: Our hearts are hardened - Nay, but Allah set a seal upon them for their disbelief, so that they believe not save a few - SHAKIR: Therefore, for their breaking their covenant and their disbelief in the communications of Allah and their killing the prophets wrongfully and their saying: Our hearts are covered; nay! Allah set a seal upon them owing to their unbelief, so they shall not believe except a few. 004.156 YUSUFALI: That they rejected Faith; that they uttered against Mary a grave false charge; PICKTHAL: And because of their disbelief and of their speaking against Mary a tremendous calumny; SHAKIR: And for their unbelief and for their having uttered against Marium a grievous calumny. 004.157 YUSUFALI: That they said (in boast), “We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah”;- but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not:- PICKTHAL: And because of their saying: We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah’s messenger - they slew him not nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them; and lo! those who disagree concerning it are in doubt thereof; they have no knowledge thereof save pursuit of a conjecture; they slew him not for certain. SHAKIR: And their saying: Surely we have killed the Messiah, Isa son of Marium, the messenger of Allah; and they did not kill him nor did they crucify him, but it appeared to them so (like Isa) and most surely those who differ therein are only in a doubt about it; they have no knowledge respecting it, but only follow a conjecture, and they killed him not for sure.” Koran 4:153-157

“I tell you, as one who has studied the whole situation, I don’t think Hitler is a fool - he is not going to challenge the British Empire” David Lloyd George

Sir Auckland Geddes, a candidate for a London constituency, proclaimed that ‘we should squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak!’ Sir Auckland Geddes, a candidate for a London constituency

“…SQUEEZE THE GERMAN LEMON UNTIL THE PIPS SQUEAK.” David Lloyd George at Versailles

“I have now seen the famous German leader and also something of the great change he has effected. Whatever one may think of his methods - and they are certainly not those of a parliamentary country - there can be no doubt that he has achieved a marvelous transformation in the spirit of the people, in their attitude towards each other, and in their social and economic outlook.”

“He rightly claimed at Nuremberg that in four years his movement had made a new Germany.”

“It is not the Germany of the first decade that followed the war - broken, dejected and bowed down with a sense of apprehension and impotence. It is now full of hope and confidence, and of a renewed sense of determination to lead its own life without interference from any influence outside its own frontiers.”

“There is for the first time since the war a general sense of security. The people are more cheerful. There is a greater sense of general gaiety of spirit throughout the land. It is a happier Germany. I saw it everywhere, and Englishmen I met during my trip and who knew Germany well were very impressed with the change.”

“One man has accomplished this miracle. He is a born leader of men. A magnetic and dynamic personality with a single-minded purpose, as resolute will and a dauntless heart.”

“He is not merely in name but in fact the national Leader. He has made them safe against potential enemies by whom they were surrounded. He is also securing them against the constant dread of starvation which is one of the most poignant memories of the last years of the War and the first years of the Peace. Over 700,000 died of sheer hunger in those dark years.”

“You can still see the effect in the physique of those who were born into that bleak world.”

“The fact that Hitler has rescued his country from the fear of repetition of that period of despair, penury and humiliation has given him an unchallenged authority in modern Germany.”

“As to his popularity, especially among the youth of Germany, there can be no manner of doubt. The old trust him; the young idolise him. It is not the admiration accorded to a popular leader. It is the worship of a national hero who has saved his country from utter despondence and degradation.”

“To those who have actually seen and sensed the way Hitler reigns over the heart and mind of Germany, this description may appear extravagant. All the same it is the bare truth. This great people will work better, sacrifice more, and, if necessary, fight with greater resolution because Hitler asks them to do so. Those who do not comprehend this central fact cannot judge the present possibilities of modern Germany. That impression more than anything I witnessed during my short visit to the new Germany.”

“There was a revivalist atmosphere. It had an extraordinary effect in unifying the nation. Catholic and Protestant, Prussian and Bavarian, employer and workman, rich and poor, have been consolidated into one people. Religious, provincial and class origins no longer divide the nation. There is a passion for unity born of dire necessity. The divisions, which followed the collapse of 1918, made Germany impotent to face the problems, internal and external. That is why the clash of rival passions is not only deprecated but temporarily suppressed.” “I found everywhere a fierce and uncompromising hostility to Russian Bolshevism, coupled with a genuine admiration for the British people with a profound desire for a better and friendlier understanding of them. The Germans have definitely made up their minds never to quarrel with us again, nor have they any vindictive feelings towards the French. They have altogether put out of their minds any desire for the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine.”

“But there is a real hatred and fear of Russian Bolshevism, and unfortunately it is growing in intensity. It constitutes the driving force of their international and military policy. Their private and public talk is full of it. Wherever you go you need not wait long before you hear the word ‘Bolshevismus’, and it recurs again and again with a wearying reiteration.”

“Their eyes are concentrated on the East as if they are watching intently for the breaking of the day of wrath. Against it they are preparing with German thoroughness.”

“This fear is not put on. High and low they are convinced there is every reason for apprehension. They have a dread of the great army that has been built up in Russia in recent years.”

“An exceptionally violent anti-German campaign of abuse printed in the Russian official Press and propelled by the official Moscow radio has revived the suspicion in Germany that the Soviet Government are contemplating mischief.” David Lloyd on Adolf Hitler

In an article in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on January 26, 1980 German historian Eberhard Jäckel argued that it was “pedagogically desirable” occasionally to lie about Germany’s recent past.

“Germany has concluded a Non-Aggression Pact with Poland... We shall adhere to it unconditionally... we recognize Poland as the home of a great and nationally conscious people.” 
Adolf Hitler - 21st May 1935

On 3 September last year, two hours after English plutocracy declared war on the German Reich, the British Prime Minister Chamberlain gave a radio speech to the German people in the most broken German. One might call it the first English act of war, and it proved to be the first, worst, and most fateful psychological error that the British plutocracy could make. Chamberlain did not betray who had given him the right to speak to the German nation. He was of the opinion that the German people he was attempting to speak to was in about the same intellectual and spiritual condition as it was after the capitulation of 9 November 1918, when it gave itself up to the arbitrary lust for revenge of the Western powers. The point of the speech was that England had no intention of waging war against the German people, rather intended to help them. Germany needed only to accept the simple British proposal to get rid of the Führer or so-called Hitlerism, and the result would be a quick and easy peace. We can remark in passing that during the seven months of the war, British plutocracy had long since stopped telling the world such hypocritical platitudes. Its best and most eloquent publicists have long since made it clear that the goal of British plutocracy is to destroy the German people and the German Reich. They wish to return it to its state after the Peace of Westphalia in the year 1648.” Goebbels on Hitler’s Birthday in 1940

“Just as the Greeks once faced the Persians in war, and the Romans faced the Mongolians, the Spanish heroes defended not only Spain, but the whole of Europe against Africa, just so Germany is fighting today, not for herself, but for the entire Continent.” Hitler announced to the Reichstag the declaration of war against the United States, December 11, 1941

“ Sensing and realising this, the volunteers have come from Northern and Western Europe, Norwegians, Danes, Dutchmen, Flemings, Belgians, even Frenchmen—volunteers who gave the struggle of the United Powers of the Axis the character of a European crusade—in the truest sense of the word.” Hitler announced to the Reichstag the declaration of war against the United States, December 11, 1941

Perusal of documents of the Foreign Office in Warsaw has given us later some surprising explanations. There was on many who, with devilish lack of conscience, used all his influence to further the warlike intentions of Poland and to eliminate ll possibilities of understanding. The reports which the then Polish Ambassador in Washington, Count Potocki, sent to his Government are documents from which it may be seen with a terrifying clearness to what an extent one man alone and the forces driving him are responsible for the second World War. The question next arises, how could this man fall into such fanatical enmity toward a country which in the whole of its history has never done the least harm either to America or to him personally?” Hitler announced to the Reichstag the declaration of war against the United States, December 11, 1941

The German Reich never took part in any war against the U.S.A. It itself had war imposed on it by the U.S.A. in 1917, and then for reasons which have been thoroughly revealed by an investigation committee set up by President Roosevelt himself.” David Lloyd George

“But it is a fact that the two conflicts between Germany and the U.S.A., were inspired by the same force and caused by two men in the U.S.A. – Wilson and Roosevelt. History has already passed its verdict on Wilson, his name stands for one of the basest breaches of the given word, that led to the disruption not only among the so-called vanquished, but among the victors. This breach of his word alone made possible the dictate of Versailles. We know today that a group of interested financiers stood behind Wilson and made use of this paralytic professor because they hoped for increased business. The German people have had to pay for having believed this man with the collapse of their political and economic existence.  But why is there now another President of the U.S.A., who regards it as his only task to intensify anti-German feeling to the pitch of war?  National Socialism came to power in Germany in the same years as Roosevelt was elected President. I understand only too well that a world wide distance separates Roosevelt’s ideas and my ideas.” David Lloyd George

“His attitude to the German Reich in this spirit was particularly sharp. In 1937, Roosevelt made a number of speeches, including a particularly mean one pronounced in Chicago on 5th October, 1937. Systematically he began to incite American public opinions against Germany. He threatened to establish a kind of Quarantine against the so-called Authoritarian States.” David Lloyd George

Petty schools taught religion; they were seen as dangerous b/c they made people curious, thus making people who would not be obedient to their lover.

“Faith is beyond the reach of the law. It is the most personal possession of man, and no one has the right to demand and account for it.” Napoleon

“If he had only turned the cannon on them and shot down five or six hundred, the rest would have run.” Napoleon on how Louis XVI did not open fire when the Tuileries was ransacked Atheism is “a doctrine which destroys all social organisation and deprives all of his consolations and all his hopes.” Napoleon

“Kings and princes should pursue their course, paying no more attention to the clamour of their subjects than the moon does to the howling of the cats.” Catherine the Great

“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire

“I am the state.” Louis XIV

“The Kings of Europe are attacking us; let us throw down to them, as a challenge, the head of a King.” Danton

“This would be the best of all possible worlds if there were no religion in it!!! ” John Adams

“I think such laws a great embarrassment, great obstructions to the improvement of the human mind. Books that cannot bear examination, certainly ought not to be established as divine inspiration by penal laws. It is true, few persons appear desirous to put such laws in execution, and it is also true that some few persons are hardy enough to venture to depart from them. But as long as they continue in force as laws, the human mind must make an awkward and clumsy progress in its investigations. I wish they were repealed. The substance and essence of Christianity, as I understand it, is eternal and unchangeable, and will bear examination forever, but it has been mixed with extraneous ingredients, which I think will not bear examination, and they ought to be separated. Adieu. ” John Adams

“God is an essence that we know nothing of. Until this awful blasphemy is got rid of, there never will be any liberal science in the world. ” John Adams

“What havoc has been made of books through every century of the Christian era? Where are fifty gospels condemned as spurious by the bull of Pope Gelasius? Where are forty wagon-loads of Hebrew manuscripts burned in France, by order of another pope, because of suspected heresy? Remember the Index Expurgato-rius, the Inquisition, the stake, the axe, the halter, and the guillotine; and, oh! horrible, the rack! This is as bad, if not worse, than a slow fire. Nor should the Lion’s Mouth be forgotten. Have you considered that system of holy lies and pious frauds that has raged and triumphed for 1,500 years. ” John Adams

“The Church of Rome has made it an article of faith that no man can be saved out of their church, and all other religious sects approach this dreadful opinion in proportion to their ignorance, and the influence of ignorant or wicked priests. ” John Adams

“The priesthood have, in all ancient nations, nearly monopolized learning.... And, even since the Reformation, when or where has existed a Protestant or dissenting sect who would tolerate A FREE INQUIRY? The blackest billingsgate, the most ungentlemanly insolence, the most yahooish brutality is patiently endured, countenanced, propagated, and applauded. But touch a solemn truth in collision with a dogma of a sect, though capable of the clearest proof, and you will soon find you have disturbed a nest, and the hornets will swarm about your legs and hands, and fly into your face and eyes. ” John Adams

“I almost shudder at the thought of alluding to the most fatal example of the abuses of grief which the history of mankind has preserved—the Cross. Consider what calamities that engine of grief has produced! ” John Adams

“Can a free government possibly exist with the Roman Catholic religion? ” John Adams

“I do not like the reappearance of the Jesuits.... Shall we not have regular swarms of them here, in as many disguises as only a king of the gipsies can assume, dressed as printers, publishers, writers and schoolmasters? If ever there was a body of men who merited damnation on earth and in Hell, it is this society of Loyola’s. Nevertheless, we are compelled by our system of religious toleration to offer them an asylum.

“Cabalistic Christianity, which is Catholic Christianity, and which has prevailed for 1,500 years, has received a mortal wound, of which the monster must finally die. Yet so strong is his constitution, that he may endure for centuries before he expires. ” John Adams

“Indeed, Mr. Jefferson, what could be invented to debase the ancient Christianism which Greeks, Romans, Hebrews and Christian factions, above all the Catholics, have not fraudulently imposed upon the public? Miracles after miracles have rolled down in torrents. ” John Adams

“When philosophic reason is clear and certain by intuition or necessary induction, no subsequent revelation supported by prophecies or miracles can supersede it. ” John Adams

“I shall have liberty to think for myself without molesting others or being molested myself. ” John Adams

“The frightful engines of ecclesiastical councils, of diabolical malice, and Calvinistical good-nature never failed to terrify me exceedingly whenever I thought of preaching. ” John Adams

“We should begin by setting conscience free. When all men of all religions ... shall enjoy equal liberty, property, and an equal chance for honors and power ... we may expect that improvements will be made in the human character and the state of society. ” John Adams

“Thirteen governments [of the original states] thus founded on the natural authority of the people alone, without a pretence of miracle or mystery, and which are destined to spread over the northern part of that whole quarter of the globe, are a great point gained in favor of the rights of mankind. ” John Adams

“The United States of America have exhibited, perhaps, the first example of governments erected on the simple principles of nature; and if men are now sufficiently enlightened to disabuse themselves of artifice, imposture, hypocrisy, and superstition, they will consider this event as an era in their history. Although the detail of the formation of the American governments is at present little known or regarded either in Europe or in America, it may hereafter become an object of curiosity. It will never be pretended that any persons employed in that service had interviews with the gods, or were in any degree under the influence of Heaven, more than those at work upon ships or houses, or laboring in merchandise or agriculture; it will forever be acknowledged that these governments were contrived merely by the use of reason and the senses. ” John Adams

“The question before the human race is, whether the God of nature shall govern the world by his own laws, or whether priests and kings shall rule it by fictitious miracles?” John Adams

“I would rather live a short life of glory than a long one of obscurity.” Alexander the Great

“It’s better to burn out than fade away” Alexander the Great

“Persian women are painful to my eyes.” Alexander the Great

“I do not separate people, as do the narrow-minded, into Greeks and barbarians. I am not interested in the origin or race of citizens. I only distinguish them on the basis of their virtue. For me each good foreigner is a Greek and each bad Greek is worse than a barbarian. “ Alexander the Great

“Tarquin and Caesar had each his Brutus—Charles the First, his Cromwell—and George the Third--(“Treason!” shouted the Speaker) may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Patrick Henry

“He told me of his wonderful adventures of war - comradeship, of his injury, and his blindness in the war hospital Pasewalk. At that time he was already leader of the NSDAP.” Paula Hitler, Hitler’s sister

“I quite understand that in case of a disagreement between the United States and France, Great Britain will side with the United States.” De Gaulle was right when he wrote to Churchill in June 1944

“The average age of the world’s greatest civilizations has been two hundred years. These nations have progressed through this sequence : From bondage to spiritual faith; from spiritual faith to great courage; from courage to liberty; from liberty to abundance; from abundance to selfishness; from selfishness to complacency; from complacency to apathy; from apathy to dependence and back into bondage.” Fraser Tyler

“Sir, [the American colonists] are a race of convicts, and ought to be thankful for anything we allow them short of hanging.” Samuel Johnson

“I dare say that that day was worth three victories for Pitt. What success can he claim if it is not the annihilation of the national Government established by the Convention, dividing us, and making us tear ourselves apart with our own hands?” Robespierre

“It’s not a question here of individuals; it’s a question of the fatherland and of principles.” Robespierre

“But when one must support a republic surrounded by enemies, arm reason in favor of freedom, destroy prejudices, render void individual efforts against the public interest, moral and physical forces are necessary that nature has perhaps refused both to those who denounce us and those we combat.” Robespierre

“That the tyrants who hate us, their salaried slanderers, the journalists who serve them so well spread those falsehoods to vilify us, this I can conceive.” Robespierre

“I thus think that the fatherland is lost if the Committee doesn’t enjoy unlimited confidence, and if it isn’t composed of men who deserve it. I demand that that the Committee of Public Safety be renewed (No! No! is cried out throughout the assembly).” Robespierre

“If my quality as member of the Committee of Public Safety must prevent me from explaining myself with entire independence on what has happened, then I must abdicate it this instant. And after having separated myself from my colleagues, who I esteem and honor (and it’s well-known that I am not prodigal in the sentiment) I will tell my country the necessary truths. The truth is the only weapon that remains in the hands of the intrepid defenders of freedom in order to bring down the perfidious agents of aristocracy. He who seeks to debase, to divide, to paralyze the Convention is an enemy of the fatherland, whether he sits in this hall or is a foreigner (applause). Whether he acts by stupidity or perversity he is of the party of the tyrants who make war upon us. But this project of debasement exists in the very places where patriotism should reign, in the clubs that claim to be more than patriotic. War is made on the Convention in the persons of all the defenders of freedom. And what is most deplorable is that this cowardly system has partisans here.” Robespierre

“The Author of Nature has bound all mortals by a boundless chain of love and happiness. Perish the tyrants who have dared to break it! Republican Frenchmen, it is yours to purify the earth which they have soiled, and to recall to it the justice that they have banished! Liberty and virtue together came from the breast of Divinity. Neither can abide with mankind without the other.” Robespierre

“The monster which the genius of kings had vomited over France has gone back into nothingness. May all the crimes and all the misfortunes of the world disappear with it! Armed in turn with the daggers of fanaticism and the poisons of atheism, kings have always conspired to assassinate humanity. If they are able no longer to disfigure Divinity by superstition, to associate it with their crimes, they try to banish it from the earth, so that they may reign there alone with crime. O People, fear no more their sacrilegious plots! They can no more snatch the world from the breast of its Author than remorse from their own hearts” Robespierre

“Let nature seize again all her splendor, and wisdom all her empire! The Supreme Being has not been annihilated.” Robespierre

“Sole, but infallible guarantors of our independence, let us crush the impious league of kings by the grandeur of our character, even more than by the strength of our arms. Frenchmen, you war against kings; you are therefore worthy to honor Divinity. Being of Beings, Author of Nature, the brutalized slave, the vile instrument of despotism, the perfidious and cruel aristocrat, outrages Thee by his very invocation of Thy name. But the defenders of liberty can give themselves up to Thee, and rest with confidence upon Thy paternal bosom. Being of Beings, we need not offer to Thee unjust prayers. Thou knowest Thy creatures, proceeding from Thy hands. Their needs do not escape Thy notice, more than their secret thoughts. Hatred of bad faith and tyranny burns in our hearts, with love of justice and the fatherland. Our blood flows for the cause of humanity. Behold our prayer. Behold our sacrifices. Behold the worship we offer Thee.”

“It would be a beautiful subject for conversation for posterity; it’s already a spectacle worthy of heaven and Earth to see the Assembly of the people’s representatives placed upon the inexhaustible volcano of conspiracies bring to the feet of the Eternal Author of all things the homage of a great people with one hand, and, with the other, with the lives and the wrath of tyrants gathered against it, found the first republic in the world and recall exiled freedom, justice and nature among mortals.” Robespierre

“They will perish, all of the tyrants armed against the French people! They will perish, all the factions that rely upon their power in order to destroy our freedom. You will not make peace, but you will give it to the world, taking it from the hands of crime.” Robespierre

“The Poles are so stupid that no rational argument has any affect on them.” Goebbels

“Asia starts in Poland.” Goebbels

“Poland is oppressive in its bleakness.” Goebbels

“The Kings of Europe are attacking us; let us throw down to them, as a challenge, the head of a King.” Danton

“If he had only turned the cannon on them and shot down five or six hubdred, the rest would have run.” Napoleon on June 20, 1792

“I go, but you, my friends, will continue to serve France. Her happiness was my only thought.” Napoleon’s Farewell Address on April 20, 1814

“…nawet gdy wygramy, to za tudzień znajdę się w sowieckim więzieniu.” General “Bόr” Komorowski during World War II During a sound check for his weekly radio address, President Reagan refers to the Polish government as a “Bunch of no-good lousy bums” Reagan 10/9/1982

“Hello Polish leaders. You are the bunch of no good lousy bums.” Reagan

“…nie ma lepszej nauki niż przez bόl.” Gregory Akko Polish News

“w najgorszych nawet okolicznościach, zmieniając środowisko, obywatelstwo, nie wypieraj się nigdy wiary I tradycji twych przodkόw, jeśli chcesz, by twoje dzieci nie wyparły się ciebie.” Papieża Jana Pawła II

“Pamiętaj o tym, że gdziekolwiek rzucą cię losy, zawsze masz prawo, aż po kres dni twoich, pozostać członkiem swej narodowej rodziny.” Papieża Jana Pawła II

“Zawsze tylko narzekamy, to już taka nasze natura.” Greggory Akko Polish News

“…nie ma lepszej nauki niż przez bόl.” Greggory Akko Polish News

“Przy obecnym stanie sił niemieckich I ich przygotowaniach polegających na rozbudowie każdego budynku zajmowanego przez wojsko lub urzędy w obronne fortece z bunkrami I drutem kolczastym – powstanie ni ma szans powodzenia.” Tadeusz Komorowski – na dwa tygodnie przed wybuchem powstania Bόr Komorowski

“Historia zapisała: nie chcemy być 17 republiką. Suwerenności nie można jednak kupić w kawałku. Albo jest, albo jej nie ma…” General Bohdan Zieliński

“Powstanie militarnie wymierzone przeciw Niemcom, politycznie było wymierzone przeciw Sowietom…” Aleksander Wietrzyk Polish News

“…lecimy tylko na Zachόd, zaniedbująć sprawy Wschodu.” Professor Kamil Dziewanowski Polish News

“France,” wrote the duke of Wellington at this time, “needs a Napoleon! I cannot yet see him . . . Where is he?” 1848

“Jedni optowali bowiem za prymitywnym angielskim, inni za tradycyjną telephatią a jeszcze inni nawet za C++.” Polish News

“Peace is only war pursued by other means.” Clemenceau (p.310)

“Rosja od czasόw Iwana Grożnego była fundowana na pełnej samowładzy cara. I nie zmieniły tego ani rewolucja, ani rządy Stalina, ani nawet pierestroijka. Rosyjskość jest silniejsza od czasowych I zmiennych form władzy, a monarchism I imperializm są najwyrażniej jej niodłącznymi cechami.” Michał M. Jawoski Polish News

“A predominance of mandarins always means something is wrong; so do the advent democracy, international courts in place of war, equal rights for women, the religion of pity, and whatever other symptoms of declining life there are.” Nietzsche (p.590)

“The fight for equal rights is actually a symptom of a disease.” Nietzsche (p.723)

“All these majority truths……are rather like rancid, spoiled…..hams. And that is the source of the moral scurvy that rages all around us.” Nietzsche (p.188)

“Are these “the Rights of Man”? Is this the LIBERTY of Human Nature? The most savage four footed tyrants that range the unexplored desarts of Africa, in point of tenderness, rise superior to these two legged Parisian animals.—Common Brutes do not prey upon each other.” London Times September 10, 1792

“Teraz przecież granic nie man, można w Anglii czy Irlandii legalnie poszukać pracy…” Polish News

“Wszystko ma swoją cenę, nawet także pokόj i wojna.” Jόzef Beck to Hitler

“I should either be hanging from the nearest lamppost or locked up in some cellar or other. So the question for me is not whether or not I want to undertake this or that, but whether or not we succeed in preventing a Bolshevik take-over. I myself have the blind faith that our movement will win through. We began three and a half years ago with six men. Today I can say with confidence that our cause will prevail.” Hitler December 21, 1922

“But the moment the war is over,’ he said, ‘I am going to hang my uniform on a nail, retire here, and let somebody else take over the government. As an old man I shall write my memoirs, surrounded by clever, intellectual people – I never want to see another officer.” Hitler

“Don’t use democracy as an instrument to weaken Russia.Russia chose the democratic path 14 years ago. We chose it for ourselves, not because we wanted to please anyone else. Democratic principles and institutions have to be adapted to the realities of life in Russia today, to our traditions and our history. And we will do that by ourselves.” Vladimir Putin February 23, 2005

“It was a legally elected parliament which allowed for the election of Hitler in Germany in the 1930s... We have to question the legal regulations that have been decided in the parliaments of present day democracies. The most direct association which comes to mind is the abortion laws. Parliaments which create and promulgate such laws must be aware that they are transgressing their powers and remain in open conflict with the law of God and the law of nature.” Pope John Paul II Memory and Identity

“Lepiej z mądrym zgubić, niż z głupim znależć.”

“The most surprising was yet to come: America was the daughter of the Middle Ages, but mother of modernity.” Robert Fossier The Middle Ages 1250-1520 (p.516)

“Go as far as history allows you.”

“Our example will render some good in France as well as in Germany, and we must hope that the whole world will escape the universal revolution which seems to menace us all.” Duke of Wellington A Concise History of Catholic Church (p.264)

“Narόd ktόry traci pamięć, traci życie.” Cyprian K. Norwid

“”From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” Churchill 1946 Fulton, Missouri

“Trzeba żyć, a nie tylko istnieć.” Plutarch

“”Pipelines are good for the economy, for the environment, and for international development - and that helps peace and stability in the region.” Evripidis Stylianidis, Greece’s overseas trade minister President Vladimir Putin has described the collapse of the Soviet Union as “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe” of the 20th century.” President Vladimir Putin April 24, 2005 State of Nation

The Anglican Church is “deficient.” Pope Benedict XVI

“Dare to Know.” Immanuel Kant’s motto for the Enlightenment

“Omnia principia parva sunt.” Ancient Roman Saying “All things start small?”

“Jak nie możesz ich pokonać, to przyłącz się do nich, a najlepiej – stań na czele.” Indiańskiego przysłowia

“Lawina bieg od tego zmienia po jakich toczy się kamieniach.” Miłosza wiersz

“Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła.” Polish soldier before a charge – 25 Luty 1831

“One who does not respect the past, is not worthy the respect of the present, and does not have a right to the future.” Józef Piłsudski

“Ja tu przetomny przed obliczem Boga zastępόw, przed Bόwstem powstającej Ojczyzny mojej, przesięgam na buławe, ktόrą nie gdyś bohaterska dłoń Czarnieckigo dżwigała, na ten miecz walecznego Sobieskiego pod ktόrym padł polski nie przyjaciel, iż posłuszny do zgonu rozkazom Wilkiego Napoleona, o swobodę I całość Ojczyzny, aż do przelania ostatniej kropli krwi mojej walczyć będę.” Polish oath to Napoleon

“That’s what Father John Paul II did when faced by all such attempts which were seemingly benevolent towards man. When faced with erroneous interpretations of freedom, he unequivocally underlined the inviolability of the human being, the inviolability of human life from conception to natural death. Freedom to kill is not a true freedom, but a tyranny that reduces the human being into slavery.” Pope Benedict XVI

“As it is apparent to all that a prince is constituted by God to be ruler of a people, to defend them from oppression and violence as the shepherd his sheep; and whereas God did not create the people slaves to their prince, to obey his commands, whether right or wrong, but rather the prince for the sake of the subjects (without which he could be no prince), to govern them according to equity, to love and support them as a father his children or a shepherd his flock, and even at the hazard of life to defend and preserve them. And when he does not behave thus, but, on the contrary, oppresses them, seeking opportunities to infringe their ancient customs and privileges, exacting from them slavish compliance, then he is no longer a prince, but a tyrant, and the subjects are to consider him in no other view. And particularly when this is done deliberately, unauthorized by the states, they may not only disallow his authority, but legally proceed to the choice of another prince for their defense. This is the only method left for subjects whose humble petitions and remonstrances could never soften their prince or dissuade him from his tyrannical proceedings; and this is what the law of nature dictates for the defense of liberty, which we ought to transmit to posterity, even at the hazard of our lives. And this we have seen done frequently in several countries upon the like occasion, whereof there are notorious instances, and more justifiable in our land, which has been always governed according to their ancient privileges, which are expressed in the oath taken by the prince at his admission to the government; for most of the Provinces receive their prince upon certain conditions, which he swears to maintain, which, if the prince violates, he is no longer sovereign.” Dutch Declaration of Independence, 1581

“My albo oni.”

“Wolność nie polega na tym, że robi się to, co się chce, lecz to, co czynić się powinno.” Lord John Acton

“We want a Europe without dividing lines.” Putin

“Venimus, vidimus, Deus vicit.” “Przybyliśmy, zobaczliśmu, Bόg zwyciężyl.” Jan III Sobieski skierował po Viktorii Wiedeńskiej do papieża Innocentego XI

“Troccy robią rewolocje, racunki płacą Bronszteinowie.” Rabin Moskowy to Trockiemu JRN’s KMPZ (24)

“Turkey cannot be a member of the European political system. Why? It will be the most numerous... and poorest, so all the funds will go to Turkey.” French President Valery Giscard d’Estaing

“’You have been very badly brought up.” Jacques Chirac to Tony Blair at an EU summit on Blair’s decision to go to war in Iraq

“Ojciec, bowiem jest filarem rodziny w naszej Polskiej kulturze.” Andrzed Radziwoński, Polonia May 2005

“Ja Papież! Polak! Słowianin!” Pope John Paul II

“Niech będzie pochwalony Jezus Chrystus.”

“Jak kochać Polaka to dobrego, jako kochać żołnierza to, aby dobrym był…” Henryk Sienkiewicz

“Gdyby mógl – pisał o nim ówczesny nuncusz papieski w Polsce – zreformowałby w jednym dniu cały kraj, cały naród, by go ponieść na poziom innych narodów o większej kulturze.” Ksążąt Zcartoryskich in 1764 about the impotence of the Sejm because of the liberum veto

“Polacy zadali śmiertelny cios monarchii pruskiej, wyprowadzająć dziedziczność tronu i konstytucję lepszą od angielskiej.” Pruski minister na 3 May Konstituacji

“Będę za każdą powtarzał sposobnością, że człowiek utalentowany sam sobie wystarczy, ale żaden rząd, żaden naród bez ludzi prawdziwie zdatnych nie obstoi...Nieszczęśliwy to kraj, gdzie dla człowiek nie jest dosyć być tylko zdatnym, gdzie za okrzykiem opinii nieuk na wielbienie zasługuje, a utalentowany intrygi stać się musi ofiarą...O tę wadę obwiniani jesteśny Polacy, iż się do wszystkich urzędów i posług za zdolnymi sądziemy...Dobierając ludzi, uważam naptród, kto jakiej partyi przychylnym będzie, kto pensyi do urzędu przywiązanej potrzebuje. Zdatnośjest u nas rzeczą albo ostatku uważaną, albo wcale zapomnianą; i dlatego też doświadczamy powszechnie, że wielu cisnących się do urzędu o tym jedynie myślą, aby umieszczeni zostali lub dla zysku, lub dla dogodzenia partylub na koniec nauczenie się tego, co wprzód umieć byli powinni, niż się o urząd starać przedsięwzięli.” H. Kłłataj

“W swoim czasie zrobiłem więcej, aniżeli Luter I Kalwin.” Voltaire w Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.14)

“Za 20 lat nie będzie więcej Kościoła.” Voltaire w 1773 po roku kiedy Jezuitów były wypędziony (1772) – W Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.15)

“Teraz panowie, kontynuujcie swoje wypowiedzi przeciw Bogu, ponieważ nie chcę być uduszony tej nocyprzez moją służbę, lepiej niech was nie słucha.” Voltair omówienie z Condorcet I d’Alembert - Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.16)

Voltaire mowił że polski rozbiory były “pomysł geniusza.” Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.18)

“Zwierzętami.” Voltaire na Murzyni - Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.19)

“Murzyni są z natury niewolnikami innych ludzi. Są więc nabywani jak zwierzęta na wybrzeżach Afryki.”Voltaire Kósciół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.18)

“Lud będzie głupi I barbarzyński, że są to woły, którym trzeba jarzma, ostrega kija I siana.” Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.19-20)

“Nadaremie desita odetnie 12 głów hydrze religii, rychło odrosną one z tej jednej, którą pozostawił.” Diderot Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.20)

“Od dłuższego czasu sekta filozoficzna ośmieszała religię…Przeciw monarchii występowała ona z większa ostrożnością niż przeciw boskości, ponieważ rządy ludzi miały do swej dyspozycji środki materialne, których tęgie umysły bały się o wiele bardziej niż cenzury Kościoła.” Charles Talleyrand Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.23) We Francji fali skrajnej nadają ton filozofowie “powierzchowni, aroganccy I fanatyczni, otwarcie wyrażający ateizm.” Począwszy od kręgów dworskich, “w kręgach światowców coraz modniejsze staje się otwarte chlubienie się niereligijnością.” Horacego Walpole Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.31)

“Nigdy społeczeństwo nie było bardziej oderwane od chrześcijaństwa.” Hipolita A Taine’a Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.31)

“Ta deprawacja obyczajów wyższego towarzystwa paryskiego wyjaśniała po części postęp niewiary, z kolei na prowincji właśnie stabilność obyczajów I tradycyjnego ducha przeciwstawiały się temu postępowi.” Daniel Mornet Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.31-32)

“Chciałem, by cała młodzież paryska przybyła do Szampanii splamiona krwią, co dałoby mi gwarancje jej wierności. Chciałen oddzielić ją od emigrantów rzeką krwi.” Danton Kościół a Rewolucja Francuska przez Jerzy Robert Nowak (p.60)

“Polska w XV wieku była jednym z najświatlejszych państw w Europie…Przez długi okres czasu Polska przewyższała wszystkie inne kraje EUropy swoją tolerancją.” Helmut von Moltke w “O Polsce” 1885” – Antypolonizm: Zidzieranie Masek, tom 1, przez Jerzy Robert Novak (p.36)

Polska była “paradisus Judeorum.” Wielkiej Encycklopedii Francuskiej XVIII

“Trade was…a form of war.” “Colonialism and Colonies” in Encarta

“If poverty exists, true freedom does not exist.” Nelson Mandela – not exact

“One cannot trust people whose cuisine is so bad.” Jacques Chirac on Britain and its food – July 5, 2005

“A lie told often enough becomes the truth.” Lenin

“What is real is rational and what is rational is real.” Parmenides

“God is God, only in so far as he knows himself.” Hegel

“The only Thought,” maintained Hegel, “which Philosophy brings ... to the contemplation of History, is the simple conception of Reason; that Reason is the Sovereign of the world, that the history of the world, therefore, presents us with a rational process.” Hegel

“Człowiek nie dla siebie się urodził, lecz dla Ojczyzny.” Polonia: Miesięcznik Patriotyczny

“I liked the little son-of-a-bitch.” Truman on Stalin

“You can’t trust people who cook as badly as that.” Chirac on England and its food.

“The gentleman is looking for harmony without assimilation, the others are looking for assimilation without harmony.” Confucius in the Analects

“Peace is not interesting.” Tomasz Koziara

“I think, therefore I am.” Rene Descartes

“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” JFK

“Making Poland communist is like trying to saddle a cow”. Nikita Khrushchev

“”In the foreseeable future we will not have a constitution. That’s obvious. I haven’t come across any magic formulas that would bring it back to life”. Jose Emmanuel Barosso September 1, 2005 at an anniversary to co mmemorate Solidarność

When did WWII end? “It ended only when the last Russian soldier left my country.” Mart Laar – PM of Estonia

“Roosevelt’s world view, his notions about the future, his perceptions of ‘Uncle Joe’ - all of that introduced a perspective which was far more accommodating than need be.” Zbigniew Brzezinski The past is not history. It is not even past.” William Faulkner – not exact W kampanii roku 1683, która miała być dla Turcji swego rodzaju „ostatecznym rozwiązaniem sprawy habsburskiej.” Polonia: Miesięcznik Patriotyczny WWI waren „griff nach der Macht.” Fritz Fischer

“Rożbior Polski był wspólnym eucharystycznym spożyciu ciała Polski.” Frederyk Wielki.

„Powiedziano kiedyś, że „nazwisko zwycięzczy pod Marną brzmi nie Joffree, lecz Sansonow” (został pokonany pod Stębarkiem [Tannenbergiem], popełnił samobójstwo w pobliskim lesie, a Samsosonow był jednym z dowódców tej pośpiesznie przygotowanej przez Mikołaja Mikołajewnicza ofensywy dywersyjnej.” Polonia: Miesięcznik Patriotyczny

“Everything for the race. Everything outside the race, nothing.” Mexican National Socialist Charter

“Powstania nikomu nie zalecałem…ale jako Polak osądziłem za swą powinność nieoszczędzanie siebie tam, gdzie inni wszystko poświęcili...Celem zaś jedynym i rzeczywistym powstania naszego jest odzyskanie nie podległości i ustalenie w kraju naszym porządku opartego na miłości chrześcijańskiej, na poszanowaniu prawa i wszelkiej sprawiedliwości.” Romuald Traugutt – od śłedżtwo?

„Zapewne jest to jedną z przyczyn tego, że więzy rodzinne w Polsce są o wiele silniejsze niż w innych krajach.” Second Year Polish (p.102) – Rodizny mieszkają często razem, bo nie ma za dużo miejsce.

It was “not impossible that tragedy on a prodigious scale was unfolding itself behind the Iron Curtain”. Winston Churchill - August, 1945

George F Kennan zauważyl jako rewolucja w Rosji odwróciła się od Europy I powróciła do izoloacjonizmu I azjatykich “źródeł” (czego najlepszym symbolem był powrót solicy do Moskwy), z socjalizmem-marksizmem jako liturgią i ideą przewodnią. George F Kennan

„Polacy nauczyli nad pracować.” Prezydent Argentyny Menem

“Germany, of course, has developed within 15 years from an industrial autocracy into a dictatorship. Most people are under the impression that the power of Hitler was the result of his demagogic blandishments and appeals to the mob ... Actually, Hitler holds his power through the final and inevitable development of the uncontrolled tendency to combine in restraint of trade.” Thurman Arnold, head of the antitrust division of the US Department of Justice in 1939



Arnold made his point even more clearly in a 1939 address to the American Bar Association: “Germany presents the logical end of the process of cartelization. From 1923 to 1935 cartelization grew in Germany until finally that nation was so organized that everyone had to belong either to a squad, a regiment or a brigade in order to survive. The names given to these squads, regiments or brigades were cartels, trade associations, unions and trusts. Such a distribution system could not adjust its prices. It needed a general with quasi-military authority who could order the workers to work and the mills to produce. Hitler named himself that general. Had it not been Hitler it would have been someone else.” Thurman Arnold made his point even more clearly in a 1939 address to the American Bar Association

“Writing history is as important as making history” Mustafa Kemal Attaturk

“Poland wants war with Germany and Germany will not be able to avoid it even if she wants to.”

“We have got to be tough with the Germany and I mean the German people not just the Nazis. We either have to castrate the German people or you have got to treat them in such a manner so they can’t just go on reproducing people who want to continue the way they have in the past.” FDR to Morgenthau on German treatment after WWII

On 24 March 1933 the Reichstag elected by 441 votes to 94 to give full emergency powers to the new Reich Chancellor and the corrupt Weimar Republic ceased to exist.

“When I am weaker than you, I ask for freedom because that is according to your principles; when I am stronger than you, I take away your freedom because that is according to my principles.” Words of an ancient philosopher - Attributed by Harq al-Ada to one Louis Veuillot

“zastał Polskę drewniana, a zostawił murowaną.” Kazimierz III Wielki – mówiony o nim

In Italy for 30 years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love - they had 500 years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock ..."

„As for the godless nations, why mention them? For none of them rules as masters in their own house. They rule as their employees order them to.” Andrei Mikhailovitch Kurbsky talking against absolutism Josepha Goebbelsa " kłamstwo powtarzane tysiace razy staje sie prawda" Josepha Goebbelsa

„Russia is „an ASiatic beast hidden behind a European mask.” Józef Piłsudski

"The evils of the world have to be borne and the pain has to be shared." Pope Benedict XVI

“I cannot take the field on horseback against ideas.” King Wilhelm of Wurtemberg circa 1846

“The Poles have been swallowed, but by God you won’t digest them.” Rousseau

“Telewizja pokazywała schytane babcie od ptasiego mleczka I handlarzy rąbanką. Strach przez domiarem miał się dobrze niemal do końca systemu.” O komunizm

„W okresie stalinowskim krążył dowcip: ‘Dlaczego uciekłeś z Polski? – Przez mlecarza. Co rano o świcie pukał do moich drzwi i co rano mówił ‘mlecarz.’ A ja stale myślałem: A jeżeli dziś nie mlecarz?” A letter written by former prime minister Stanley Baldwin where he pays tribute to Hitler as "a remarkable man" is to go on sale at auction next month. 
Baldwin wrote in glowing terms about the German leader to a friend in 1936, talking of his "great achievements", three years before World War II. 
The letter, from the MP for Bewdley, Worcestershire, will be auctioned at Ludlow Racecourse, Shropshire. 
Baldwin was prime minister three times between 1923 and 1937. He died in 1947. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin

"Just a little bit of space, a missed tackle, one [coverage player] out of his lane, a low punt or whatever … and I'm going to go a long way." Devin Hester

“Papież mówił, że naród istnieje z ‘kultury’ I dla kultury’.” Polonia Magazyna

„...at all time, a Tsar must be...sometimes gentle and sometimes cruel, merciful to the good and cruel toward those who are evil. And if this is not the case, then he is not a Tsar.” Ivan the Terrible

“Rodzic, który najczęściej komunikuje się ze swoim dzieckiem krzykiem, nie rozwiązuje problemów, tylko je pogarsza. Po pierwsze, pamiętamy, że rodzice są modelem do naśladowania. Jeżeli rodzic krzyczy, to wiadomo, że krzyczećbędzie i dziecko. Krzyk nie załatwia sprawy, lecz zostawia je nierozwiązane częstwo za trzaskającymi drziwami. Dziecko, którego kontakt z rodzicami jest nie dostateczny, a i również przepełniony krzykiem, przybierze postawę „uciekiniera.’ Dziecko będzie unikało wszelkich kontaktów z rodzicami, nie zdobędzie się na otwartość, szczerość, czy też pozytywne uczucia. Rodzice, którzy komunikują siękrzykiem ze swoim dzieckiem, nie powinni oczekiwiać od niego głebszego kontatku emojonalnego.” Polonia Kwietnia 2006

On odpowiedizał: "Zabijcie wszystkich, Bóg rozpozna naszych".Miastem tym było Beziers, zdobyte przez krzyżowców w 1209 roku.

„The multitude of these creeds, which, profiting by Polish tolerance, competed with one another...” Oscar Halecki Historia Polskii (p.124)

„God did not make death,
nor does he rejoice in the destruction of the living.
For he fashioned all things that they might have being;
and the creatures of the world are wholesome,
and there is not a destructive drug among them
nor any domain of the netherworld on earth,
for justice is undying.
For God formed man to be imperishable;
the image of his own nature he made him.
But by the envy of the devil, death entered the world,
and they who belong to his company experience it.” Wis 1:13-15; 2:23-24

"The presence of such personalities as Franco, Salazar or DeValera in European politics guaranteed Europe's preservance of traditional values. We lack such men of action these days," said the Polish deputy.
We observe deep sorrow some attempts for a historical revisionism which tends to criticise all that is traditional and catholic while portray in a positive light all that is lay and socialist."
Let's not forget that Nazism in Germany and fascism in Italy were also spiced up by socialist and atheist taste. " Maciej Marian Giertych, a Polish non-attached MEP from the League of Polish Families 4 czerwca 2006 w EU Parliament

“Thanks to the Spanish army and Franco the communist attack on Catholic Spain was thwarted. The presence of such people in European politics as Franco guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe and we lack such statesmen today. Christian Europe is losing against atheistic socialists today and this has to change." Maciej Marian Giertych, a Polish non-attached MEP from the League of Polish Families 4 czerwca 2006 w EU Parliament

"Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism -- born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it." —Mussolini Fascism napisany przez Mussolina

"First of all, as regards the future development of mankind, and quite apart from all present political considerations. Fascism does not, generally speaking, believe in the possibility or utility of perpetual peace. It therefore discards pacifism as a cloak for cowardly supine renunciation in contradistinction to self-sacrifice. War alone keys up all human energies to their maximum tension and sets the seal of nobility on those peoples who have the courage to face it." —Mussolini Fascism napisany przez Mussolina

„Rozliczyliśmy się z Wiedniem, rozliczymy się i z Rzymem.” Tomáš Masaryk po 1918?

“Jesus said to them,
 “A prophet is not without honor except in his native place
and among his own kin and in his own house.” Mark 6:4

Greek democracy was “"disorderly, unstable and intensely dangerous... a paradise, especially, for orators (or those who fancied themselves as such) and also in effect a form of tyranny by orators: of subjection against one's will to the force of others, not of the better argument but of the more potent speech." John Dunn writes (in Setting the People Free, 2005

"This is Dreyfus's revenge." extreme right-wing group Action Francaise, whose founder, Charles Maurras, cried on his arrest in 1945

“It is easy to reproach the insurgents with the fact that their action, undertaken without due consideration, merely hastened the third partition, as the Confederation of Bar had accelerated the first.” Oscar Halecki The History of Poland (p.206)

"If you look at newspapers of 100 years ago, you see how, at the time, colonialist states justified their policies in Africa or in Asia. They talked of their civilising role, of the white man's mission," he said. "If you change the word 'civilising' to 'democratisation', you find the same logic, you can read the same things in the press today." Vladimir Putin 2006

“As Adam Mickiewicz was later to recall in a magnificent evocation of the Napoleonic Legend…the beautiful spring of 1812 had inspired not only hope but wellnigh certainty that the tragic episode of the partititions was nearing its end, and that the country, faithful to the spirit of the Four Years Diet and closely associared with the triumph of the emperor, was about to rise again.” Oscar Halecki The History of Poland (p.223)

„...Americans entry into the war after the aggression of Pearl Harbor on 7th December. Foreshadowed by the Atlantic Charter…” Halecki The History of Poland (p.319)

“"If we do not develop... Africa... if we do not make available the necessary resources to bring about this development, these people will flood the world.” Jacques Chirac

“They resent the fact that usually their own situation is not sufficiently understoof by so many foreign peoples, who are inclined to identify Poland and the Poles with the Soviet-controlled refime which was forced upon them in 1945. This being so, it must be stornly emphasized that it is impossible to speak, with reference to the period which started that year, of any ‘Polish’ foreign policy. The history of Poland throughout the present years of trial is nothing but the sad story of her internal Sovietization and of her misrepresenatation in all external relations by Communists agents who in practically every matter take and must take an attiude completely contrary to that of the Polish epoeple and to their real interests.” Oscar Halecki The History of Poland (p.341)

"Crucially, they [Anglo-Saxons] also had rules which clearly distinguished between Anglo-Saxons and the British, whom they called Welsh, and gave them a much lower status.” Mark Thomas of University College, London

“Influenza, even in its most serious form cannot be cured by contracting tuberbulosis. Dogmatism cannot be cured by revisionism. Revionist tuberculosis can only strengthen dogmatic influenza...The revionist must be expelled from the party.” Gomulka 1957 Centralny KOmitet Plenum

“Kiedy są za dużo szefów, to problemy.” Zygmunt Koziara (Powiedział kiedy chciał wyjechać od driveway, i Jankowski i jego dzieci mówili dużo żeby pójść czy nie, i kiedy pojechał auto prawie mógło uderzyć go. Zmieszanie doznania (twoje są inne od nich)

“Wherever you enter a house, stay there until you leave. 
Whatever place does not welcome you or listen to you,
leave there and shake the dust off your feet
in testimony against them.” Mk 6:7-13Jezus do jego disciples. Powiedział ich żeby pójść I prostelize

"Europe is almost lost - to the demographic winter and to the secularists. If Europe goes, much of the world will go with it. Carlson blames West European governments, which he says have adopted policies "inimical to the natural family.My thesis is this: All over Europe, young people - men and women - have similar attitudes toward children. They want to combine a career and children and they want to be financially independent from their partner," Kroehnert said. A society which supports this model, through its tax system and through the higher participation of women in the workplace, will produce more babies. That's why you are seeing higher birth rates in France and the Scandinavian countries" Allan Carlson, president of the Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society, a conservative Christian group based in Rockford, Ill

“The specialty of our system, as Orwell envisages it, is history in the service of politics, adjusted and transmitted backwards.” Stefan Kisielewski na komunizm

“Indeed, the political ferment was now further increased by a largely unforeseen development, the elevation of Karol Wojtyla, the archbishop of Kraków, to the Papcy in October 1978. This event has an electrifying effect on the Poles. They had long thought of themselves as the stepchildren of Europe, the exponents of Western beliefs and values in a diffcult geographic situation who had been let down in 1939 and abandoned by the West in 1944-5. Now for one of the principal institutions of the Western world (for many Poles the principal institution) to elect a Pole as its first non-Italian head ofr nearly 450 years, seemed to most Poles an unprecedented act of reparation for all they had suffered and a clear legitimation of reparation for all they had suffered and a clear legitimation of their own view of their historical role.” Oscar Halecki The History of Poland (p.393-394)

“Poland was not days but hours from catastrophe. There can be no return to the faulty methods and practices of the period prior to August 1980 just as there can be no retreat from socialism. The steps we have taken today have as their goal the preservation of the basic requisites of socialist renewal. All major reforms will be continuted under the conditions of order, substantial discussion and discipline” Jaruełski o 1981 Wojenne Prawo

“…today it is easy to exercise anti-socialist demagogy on the economic plane, since it is here that the well-known burdens and weaknesses are most painfully felt.” Jaruzelski luty 1983

“As a result of a bill of amendments passed by the Sejm and Senate in December 1989, Poland was no longer a ‘socialist state’ with the Communist Party guaranteed a leading role in the governance of Poland; instead, it became a democratic legal state, with the original name of ‘Republic of Poland’ restored. Supreme authority resided in the nation rather than in the working people.” Oscar Halecki The History Poland (p.446-447)

"When once a republic is corrupted, there is no possibility of remedying any of the growing evils but by removing the corruption and restoring its lost principles; every other correction is either useless or a new evil." Thomas Jefferson

“the problem with the French is that they have no word for entrepreneur". George W. Bush

„"They murder the murdered and walk in his funeral." Arab adage

“Peter created the body of Russia, but Catherine gave it a soul.”

"The Almighty God sent His prophets with miracles and clear signs to guide the people and show them divine signs and purify them from sins and pollutions. And He sent the Book and the balance so that the people display justice and avoid the rebellious.” Koran?s."

“Russia’s past is amazing, its present is more than splendid. As for the future of Russia, it is far beyond the most daring flight of imagination.” Russian Emperor Nicholas I

"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." Winston Churchill in praise of the pilots in the Battle of Britaink part in the Battle of Britain. the so-called "English race" was destined to dominate the entire world during the coming 20th Century. Then, according to this hubristic theory, there would be a millennium of peace and prosperity. However, it is the expansionist editor John L. O'Sullivan, who in 1845 coined the famous expression when he wrote of "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions." March 1885, John Fiske wrote an essay for the magazine Harper’s, called "Manifest Destiny

“Dearest brothers and sisters: All good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no alteration or shadow caused by change.” Jas 1:17-18, 21b-22, 27 Którzy uciekli z lordów po 1662 Moskwie Miedza Bunt do południu i południo-wschodnie Rosji. Żyli na Don, Volga, Iaik rzeki, „knights-errant of the Russian common people.” Alexander Herzen

“Reason tells us that nothing can be good or bad simply because it is new. Everything good and everything bad was at one time new.” Iurii Krizhanich - Autokratem

“A much greater failure of ours stems from what I shall call xenomania, or hatred of foreigners.” Iurii Krizhanich - Autokratem

“Peter created the body of Russia, buy Catherine gave it a soul.” Voltaire “is my teacher, or better said, his works have formed my mind and spirit.” Katarzyna Wielka Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russia przez W Bruce Lincoln (p.206) Fryderyk WIelki był “master” do Katarzyny Wielki. Mąż Katarzyny Wielkiej. Piotr III „allowed himself to be overthrown like a child being sent off to bed.” Fryderyk II Wielki o 1762 rewolucja przeciw Piotrowi

“Russia’s ruler is an autocrat, because only by placing all power in the hands of one person can so vast an Empire be governed effectively. The intention and purpose of autocratic government is the glory of its citizens, the state, and the ruler…The object of autocracy…is not to deprive men of their natural liberty, but to direct their actions in such a manner as to achieve the greatest good for all.” Katarzyna Wielka

„you will see that, like the crow in the fable, I have arrayed myself in a peacock’s feathers. In this document, only the arrangements of the materials, and a line here and a word there, belongs to me.” Katarzyna Wielka do Fryderka Wielkiego o “Nakaz” 1765

Autokracja była dla duża Rosja bo “any other form of government not only would be harmful for her Russia, but, in the end would lead to her ruin.” Katarzyna Wielka

“I think, therefore I am.” Descartes – Indywidualyzm

“Historian, rhetorician, specialist in mechanics, chemist, menierologist, artist, and poet, he probed everything, and fathomed everything. He founded our first university, In truth, he himself was our first university.” Pushkin na Lomonosov

Poniatowski “had less right than any other candidate [to the Polish throne] and therefore should be all the more grateful to Russia.” Katarzyna Wielka

“In all our history there is no exmaple of an election as quiet and as perfectly unanimous [as this one].” Poniatowski o wybory w 1764

"Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached." Emperor Manual II Paleologos of Byzantine

”This Polish Diet has just outdone the madness of the National Assembly [in Paris].They have abolished the liberum veto, the palladium of their Polish liberties.” Katarzyna. Wielka

“The ruler is its head, the laws are its soul, morals its heart, and abundance its health, military power its arms and all other parts serving its defense, and religion is the law under which everything is constituted.” Emperor Paul 1774

“Remember, gentlemen, that in order to eat an omelet, one must being by breaking some eggs.” Generał Talyzin przed buntem żeby odpędzić Paul w 1801 w Rosji.

„The welfare of men consists in the security of their property and in the freedom to do with it everything that is not detrimental to others.” Pavel Stroganov.

“The means of assuring this [welfare of men] are the regulations of the [state’s] administration. The guardian of these regulations is the fundamental law of the state or, in other words, a constitution. A constitution is the law which regulates the manner in which a watch is kept over the making of administrative laws…which reduces the wrong which can come from the differences in abilities of those who are at the head of the state.” Pavel Stroganov.

“It is of such importance to keep the public in ignorance of the government’s purpose that, before we go any further, we should establish the principle that secrecy ought to be one of the fundamental principles [of our work].” Pavel Stroganov.

“Bonaparte, pretends that I am nothing but a fool. He who laughs last, laughs best!” Alexander I

Kotuzov był “the old fox of the North.” Napoelon Borodino -„the most terrible of all my battles was the one [at Borodino] before Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible.” Napoleon

“We find ourselves in a situation somewhat similar [to what we faced in 1812-1814], but I would say that the present evil is still more dangerous than the devastating despotism of Napoleon because the present doctrines are more seductive fro the masses than the military yoke under which {Napoleon] held them.” Wrogi byli “revolutionary liberals, radical levelers, and members of the cardonari from all corners of the world.” Było “a general conspiracy of these societies…who have sworn to wreak a most bitter vengeance upon all governments.” Chciaeli “the implementation of doctrines preached by Coltaire, Mirabeau, Condorcet and all the pretended philosophers known by the name of the Encyclopedistes” I chcieli zniszczyć “the Religion of our Savior,” proven by “thousands upon thousands of authentic documents.” Chciał “not to bow before the Satanical power.” “The methods we employ must correspond to the magnitude of the danger which threatens us” “Only now do I understand why the Lord God has kept me here until this moment!” Alexander I

“King Louis XVI did not do his duty, and for that he was punished. One is not merciful by being weak. Louis XVI was faced with what was, in fact, a conspiracy disguised under the false name of liberty. He would have spared his people a great deal of misery if he has not spared the conspirators.” Nicholas I

„Europe’s Industrial Revolution was creating a world in which rulers would be called upon to resolve problems more ocmplex than any that eighteenth-century monarchs had imagined. The paid advance of technology meant that state policy decisions soon must involve specialized economic and social expertise such as had never even touched the educations of eighteenth-century statesmen.” W Bruce Lincoln Romanovs (p.430)

"The Tsar’s prohibitions ranged from the petty to the fundamental. He prohibited French fashion designs, the use of such words as “society” and citizen,” and the importation of musical scores, because they might contain coded messages.”

“Autocracy constitutes the main condition of the political existence o Russia. The Russian giant stands on it as on the cornerstone of his greatness…The saving condition that Russia lives nad is protected by the spirit of a strong, humane, and enlightened autocracy must permeate popular education and must develop with it. Together with these two national principles there is a third, no less powerful: Nationality.” Sergei Uvarov

“Stavrogin’s evil is reason without faith: cold intellect born in aristocratic boredom, nurtured during a scientific expedition to Iceland, confirmed by study in a German university, and brought by way of St. Petersburg to the Russian people.” Dostoevskii w The Devils.

"for the safety of all” be „recognized the need to oppose in every way the brutality of the French Republic.” Paul Rosji

“Baseball divides us, football unites us.” Beer ad in Chicago

Ibi victoria, ubi concordia. (Where there is victory, there is agreement)

Verae amicitae sempiternae sunt. (Historia jest nauczycielką życia).

„Patriam amamus, non quia pagna est, sed quia nostra. Errant, qui affirmant: ‘Ibi patria, ubi bene’ sed ‘Errare humanum est’.”

‘Errare humanum est’ (Ludzi mylą się)

„Notum est dictum Polonorum: Aliena laudatis, vestra ignoratis.” (p.40)

“Per aspera ad astra.” (Przez trudność do gwiadzów)

„Naturam mutare difficile est.” (Jest trudno zmienić naturę.)

„Si tu vales, bene est.” (Kiedy jesteś mocny/zdrowy, dobrze jest)

„Uni tu Caius, ibi ego Caia (formułka wypowiedania przez narzeczony podczas obrzędów ślubnych)

„W wielonarodowej monoarchii Jegiellonów doszło do charakteryystycznego dal późnego średniowiecza przesuniącia ośrodków wysokiej kultury z klasztorów i środowisk kapitualnych na dwór królewski oraz naśladajuące go dwory biskupie i możnowładcze, które z czasem zacząły spełniać rolę świeckich centrów kulturlanych.” Stanisław Szczur Polska Średniowiecze (586)

„Festina lente.” (Hasten slowly) Augustus Caesar

„Wiek XIV przyniósł odbudowę państwa polskiego, Była ona możliwa również dlatego, że w końcu XIII w. Zmniejszyła się drastycznie liczna piastowskich kandydatów do tronu.” Stanisław Szczur Polska Średniowiecze (612)

Określił polis jako „wspólnotę hoplitów.” Arystoteles

„Już w okresie wielkich podbojów zachwiane zostały zasady mores maiorum i zmieniły się obyczaje Rzymian. W okresie schyłku republiki podważono stare ideały gruntownie zmodyfikowano sposób myślenia. Namocniej przeobraził się życie arystokracji senatorskiej. Surowe ideały przedków zostały zastępione przez styl życia bardzo swobodny, afirmujący dążenie do maksimum wygród i rozkoszy.” Historia Starożytność Jaczyńowska (487)

„Decydującą rolę w narodzinach Europy średniowiecznej odegrały masowe migracje ludów zamieszkujących dotychczas teren Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Migracje te zmieniły obraz etniczny kontynentu i przczniły się do częściowej likwidacji Cesasrstwa Rzymskiego, a także pogłębiły regresję gospodarczą i spowobodowały (obok innych przyczyn) upadek kultury.” Historia Powszecha Średniowiecza Benedykt Zientara (26)

„Móg kraj nie ma kolonii – powiedziałem. – A był taki czas, kiedy mój kraj był kolonią. Szanuję wasze cierpienia, ale u nas było strasznie: były tramwaje „Tylko dla Niemców”. Były obozy, wojna, egzekucje. Nie znacie obozów, wojen, egzekucje. Nie znacie obozów, wojen, egzekucji. Tamto nazywało się faszyzem. To najgorszy kolonializm.” Ryszard Kapuściński – Busz po polsku

Dlaczego Polska nie jest kolonią do innych ludzi? „Zaraz: śnieg, brak kolonii – przecież racja.” Ryszard Kapuściński – Busz po polsku

„Historia magistra vitae est.” (29)

„Aż do schyłku XII książka w Polsce była rzadka. Sytuacja zmieniła się w ciągu XIII stulecie, kiedy zwielokrotnił się zarówno napływ rękipisów, jak i ich miejscowa produkcja...Rozwój uniwersytetów zwiększył zapotrzebowanie na książki różnej treści, ich produkca przestała być monopolem mnichów, wyszła poza mury klasztorów. Książka zdemokratyzowała się. Straciła na wyglądzie zewnętrznym, za to potaniała i stała się dostępna nie tylko dla monarchów i Kościoła, lecz także dla osób prywatnych.” W „Kultura Polski średniowiecznej do końca XIII w., pod red. J Dowiata, Warszawa 1985. Page 271

„Verum amicum pecunia non parabitis.”

Unum castigabis, centum emendabis.”

„Non scholae sed vitae discimus.” Seneca

“Per aspera ad astra.”

“Otia post negotia.” (39)

“Gaudia principium nostril sunt sape doloris.”

“Honores mutant mores.”

“Lingua prodesse et obese potest.”

„Alit aemulatio ingenia.” Konkurencja podsyca talenty. (61)

„W III w. nastąpiło wyraźne zubożenie arystokracji municypalnej, wzrosły natomiast jej obciążenia. Władze centralne zmusały zamożniejszych mieszkańców do przyjmowania urzędów, ze sprawowaniem których związane były znaczene świadczenia mateirlane.” (592)

„Semen est sanguis christianorum” (Krew męczenników jest nasieniem) Tertulian - w Apologetyk, 50.

„Repetitio est mater studiorum.” (61) „Consuetudo Waltera natura.” (61)

“History is inescapable.” Thomas P. Koziara – 4 stycznia 2007

“The least initial deviation from the truth is multiplied later a thousandfold.” Aristotles

„Badania nad współczesnymi społeczeństwami pozostającymi na niskim szczeblu rozwoju cywilizacyjnego wskazują, że ludy zbieracko-łowieckie żyją w rytmie sezonowym, opartym na cyklicznych zmianach podstawowych zajęć, a w ich świadomości współczesność bezpośrednio styka się z przeszłością mitologiczną. W przeciwieństwie do nich, ludy rolniczno-hodowalne charkatrzyuje świadomość przeszłości historycznej, której jednym z ważnych aspektów jest przekazywane prawa własności określonego terytorium. Wynika to z osiadłego trybu życia i większej gęstości zaludnienia, która może być powodem konkurencyjności grup w odniesieniu do niektórych terytoriów szczególnie przydatnych dla gospodarki rolniczo-hodowlnaej. W strukturach społecznych przejawia się to wykształcniem hierarchii, uprzywilejowaną pozycją pewnych grup, której ważnym elementem jest tradycja historyczna.”

„Gravissimum est imperium consuetudinis.” Najciężkym nakaz jest przyzwyczajeniu

„Verba foliis leviora caducis.” Słowa są gładkiejsze od spadłych liści - Ovid

Gravissimum est imperium consuetudinis-Najciężkym jest państwo przyzwyczajeniu.

„Historia, o ile sama przestanei dąć w swe archanielskie, trąby, powinna dopomóc nam wyleczyć się z tych wad. Jest ona rozległym terenem doświadczeń nad różnorodnością spraw ludzkich, odwiecznych kontaktów między ludźmi. Zarówno życie, jak i wiedza może wygrać wielki los, jeśli kontakty te będą braterskie.” Marc Bloch – Pochwała Historii (p.170)

Rozumienie nie ma w sobie jednak nic z postawy biernej. Do pracy naukowej potrzeba zawsze dwóch rzeczy: materiał, ale także człowieka. Rzeczywistość ludzka, podobnie jak rzeczywistość świata fizycznego, jest olbrzymia i róźnobrawna. Gdybyśmy nawet założyli, że możliwe byłoby mechaniczne reprodukowanie całości, to taka fotografia byłaby nieczytelna. Powie ktoś, że dokumenty stanowią już pierwszy filtr między przeszłością a nami?” Marc Bloch – Pochwała Historii (p.170)

“Aeetate aurea homines sine legibus tuti erant, nam iustitiam et veritatem colebant.” -w złotym wieku, ludzi byli bezpieczny bez praw, bo sprawiedliwość i prawdę uprawiały.

„Non sunt divitae bonum.” Seneca

„Tak samo dobrym, jak i podłym dałem prawa, złączywszy wszystkich ładem sprawiedliwym.” Solon

„Już we wstępnej fazie przygotowań do wyprawy popełniono duży błąd, albowiem rozdzielono dowództwo między trzech strategów: Alkibiadesa, Nikiasza i Lamachosa. Jak Ateńczycy wyobrażali sobie współpracę tak różnych i do tego niechętnych sobie indywidualności, pozostanie ich tajemnicę.” (308-309) Historia Starożytna

„Carpe diem.” Horace

Sero venientes male sedentes.(Późno przechodzących złe uśmierzających)

“Liber est, qui nulli turpitudini servit.” “Książka jest, która służa żadna hańby.” Servius Tullius – 6th król Starożytnego Rzymu i drugim królem Etruskiej dynastii

„Gdyby inne ludy, chociażby Wikingowie, nie wniosły do życia Rosjan nieco ładu, nadal żyliby jak króliki.” Adolf Hitler – Ruś Wikingów (p.11)

“Beatus est populus, qui Liber est, cuius cives valent, cui finitimi populi amici sunt, quem poetae celebrant.” „Szczęśliwy jest naród, który wolny jest, której obywatele są zdrowi, dla której sąsiedzy narody są przyjacielscy, którą poeci rozgłaszają.” (p,78)

„Każda władza polityczna musi opierać się, jeśli chce być w pełni skuteczna, nie tylko na sile gospodarczej i wojskowej, lecz także na ideologii. Pretensje pewnych grup do prawa sprawowowania rządów oraz sposób uzyskiwania legitymizacji ich roszczeń zawsze uwzględniał język sympoliczby, język składający się ze znaków, które nadawały poczucie tożsamości nie tylko władcom, lecz niezbędnym elementem instrumentów władzy wykonawczej. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ symbolika silnie łączy wierzenia religijne i myślenie magiczne ludzi z ich głęboką potrzebą, czy raczej koniecznością przyznależenia do wyraźnie określonej grupy społecznej.” Władysław Duczko Ruś Wikingów (190)

“Mors parcit nulli.” Śmierć oszczędza ządnych (p.88)

„Tajemniczny naród, naród nieznany, naród umieszczany wśród niewolników, obcy, który jednak zyskał rozgłos dzięki wyprawie przeciwko nam; nieznaczne plemię, które teraz stało się sławne; pokorni i ubodzy ludzie, teraz wyniesieni do świetności i bogactwa; lud mieszkający daleko od naszych ziem, barbarzyńscy, koczownicy uzbrojeni w arogancję, niedostrzegani, niepokonani, ni mający przywódcy.” Socjusz, patriarch Konstantynopola na napad Rhosów na Bizancjum 860 (73) Ruś Wikingów

„Jak zauważa współczesny historyk angielski tak ukształtowane prymitywne stosunki własnościowe prowadzonych tego, że nadwyżki produkcyjne odberane były bezpośrednie wytworem przez klasę pasożytniczą przy użyciu siły.” Stanisław Russocki – średniowieczen kondycji stary

„Dzieje okresów prehistorycznych są anonimowe, pozbawione imion i nazw, choć bardzo bogate w informacje o działaniach i zachowaniach naszych przodków.” Wiellka Historia Polski – Tom 1 – Najdawnisjsze Dzieje Ziem Polskich (9) Tempora si fuerint nubile, solus eris. Czasy jeżeli będą zachmurzony, będziesz sam jeden. (93)

„Consuetudinis magna vis est.” Wielka jest siła przyzwyczajenia. (73)

“Temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia – senescentis.” Lekkomyślność jest rozwijającego wieku, roztropność – starając się. (73)

“Donec eris sospes, multos numerabis amicos.” Dopóki nie będziesz szczęśliwy, będziesz liczyć dużo przyjaciół.

„Vi victa vis.” Siłą zwyciężona siłą Force overcome by force. Cicero (73)

“Nocentem qui defendit, sibi crimen parit.” Który broni przeszkadzającego , dla siebie zbrodnię przygotowa. (74)

“Disce, puer, quid dulcius est quam discere multa?” Ucz się, chłopiec, co jest słodszy jak uczenie się dużo. (73)

„Quid leges sine moribus?” Co prawa bez zwyczajów. Horatius (77)

“Leges salute omnium singulorum saluti anteponunt: Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat. Illa maturam senectutem, hic longam adulescentiam reddit.” Prawa przekładają bezpieczeństwo wszsystkich pojedenczych dla zdrowia. Gnuśność ciało osłabia, praca wzmacnia. Ta pierwsza odda dojrząlą starość, ta druga długą młodość (88)

“Rogantibus potius quam imperantibus paremus.” Będziemy przygotować się raczej dla pytających jak rozkazujących. (73)

“Contra spem spero.” Spodziewam przeciw nadzieji (81)

„Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur.” Przyjaciel pewny w rzeczu niepewnym jest spostrzegany. A true friend is discerned Turing an uncertain matter

„Dictum – fatum.” Zostało powiedziane – zostało zrobione.

“Utinam is essem, quem tu me existimas!” Oby mąż miał takie samo prawo jak ma żona! (109)

„Amemus patriam, pareamus legi bus!” – Kochajmy ojczyznę, bądźmy posłuszni prawom! (109)

„Qui voluptatibus ducuntur, Ne attingant rem publicam.” – Ci, którzy dają się powodować chęcią użycia życia, niech Ne biorą się do spraw państwa. (109) Cicero?

“Donec eris sospes, multos numerabis amicos.” Dopóki nie będziesz szczęśliwy, będziesz liczyć dużo przyjaciół.

„Jeżeli wasal oczekiwał od swego pana lennego pomocy i opieki, to senior również liczył na wsparcie ze strony wasala.” (72) Szczur

„Proces uzależnienia różnych grup ludności wiejskiej musiał przebiegać równocześnie ze wzmacnianiem struktur państwowych. Pojawił się on zapewne wraz z utworzeniem książęcego aparatu skarbowego, który domagał się określonych świadczeń.” Szczur (85)

„Realia gospodarcze i warunki zewnętrzne sprawiały, że pojedynczy człowiek nie miał możliwości przetrwania i musiał funkcjowanować w grupie. Nastąpiło co prawda wyodrębnienie ziemi uprawnej poprzez wyznaczenie osobnych działów dla rodzin, ale wiele gruntów pozostało we wspólnym użytkowaniu. Dotycztło to lasów, stawów, łąk i zagajników.” Szczur (85)

„Wojna była najprostszym sposobem zapewnienia dostatku rodzinie księcia i warstwie rządzącej, przynosiła bowiem niewolników i łupy w postaci luksusowych a niedostępnych dóbr konsumpcyjnych.” Szczur (85)

„Warunki życia w osadach miejskich…Mieszkali ty ludzie oderwani często od miejsca swego pochodzenia i rodziny. Byli pewne i tacy, którzy nawet nei wiedzieli skąd pochodzą. Właściwie początkowo wszyscy byli dla siebie obcy, a łączyło ich tylko miejsce zamieszkania.” Szczur (169)

„Franciszkanie początkowo uważali wręcz, że wykształcenie kłóci się z zasadami ewangelicznej prostoty.” Szczur (245)

„Po zwycięstwie Tatarzy, bo tak zaczęto nazywać w Europie Mongołów…” Szczur (263)

„Król jest panem wszsyktich ziem znajdujących się w graniach Królestwa – daje, komu chce, i odbiera, komu chce.” 1339 arcybiskup gnieźnieński Janisław – Szczur (413)

„W miastach występowały, podobnie jak w całym społeczeństwie, dość wyraźne podziały społeczne.” Szczur (561)

„W wieku XI dokonuje się ostateczna krystalizacja odrębnego, zachodnioeuropejskiego kręgu cywilizacyjnego. Mimo żywych kontaktów z sąsiednimi cywilizacjami: bizantyjska i arabska, kultura zachodnioeuropejska poszła odtąd własną drogą, by uzyskać na niej osiągnięcia, które pozwoliły później Europie Zachodniej wyprzedzić pozostałe cywilziaone obszary świata i zyskać nad nimi długotrwałą przewagę.” Zientara (325)

„W Polsce, Czechach i na Węgrzech przedstawicielstwa te toczyły walkę o władzę nie ze słabą monarchią, ale z oligarchią magnatów świeckich i duchownych, wykorzystujących każdą okazję do zagarnięcia rządów. W Skandynawii natomiast oligarchia magnacka nie znajdowała przeciwnika w obrębie własnej klasy, w postaci drobnego rycerstwa, które tam właściwie nie istniało; jedyną opozycję przeciw oligarchii stanowiło stosunkowo jeszcze słabe mieszczaństwo. W ten sposób w momencie, kiedy na Zachodzie francuscy Walezjusze i hiszpańscy „królowi katoliccy” budowali fundamenty królewskiego absolutyzmu, w Europie środkowej toczyła się walka o „demokrację szlachecką”, a w północnej panowała niepodzielnie niemal arystokracja, likwidując wszelkie emancypacyjne wysiłki królów.” Zientar 458)

„Franciszkanie początkowo uważali wręcz, że wykształcenie kłóci się z zasadami ewangelicznej prostoty.” Szczur

„Zróżnicowanie majątkowe obejmowało początkowo ruchomości.” Zientara (151)

“You can never step into the same river; for new waters are always flowing on to you." Heraclitus

„Nisi utile est, quod facimus, stulta est gloria,”Jeżeli jest łatwy, którego robimy, sława jest głupia (127)

„Każdy, kto nie jest głupcem wie dobrze, że niższa klasa powinna być utrzymana w obstwie, albo nigdy nie stanie się pracowitą.” Arthur Young Rostworowski 18th Wiek (74) Wolter: „Bóg jest zbędną hipotezą.” „Nie ma nic w umyśle, czego nie było przed w zmyśle” (Nihil Est In intellectu, quo non fuerit antea In sensu.” John Locke (288)

“Własność powstała dzięki pracy.” (289) Emanuel Rostworowski

„najprostsza droga do obłędu (lunacy) prowadzi przez system.” Anthony AShley Cooper III lord Shaftesbury (1671-1713)

-„że umysł jest pozbawiony wiedzy, ile stąd, że jest pełen przesądów.” Pierre Bayle (292)

„Czym dla Włochów skrypce, a dla Niemców organy, tym dla Francuzów był klawesyn.” Rostworowski (314) Jeśli raz przyjmiemy, że istnieją rodziny roślin i zwierząt, że osioł jest z rodziny konia i że różni sięod niego dlatego, iż się wyrodził, można być równie dobrze powiedzieć, że małpka jest z rodziny człowieka, że jest to człowiek, który się wyrodził, że człowiek i małpa mają wspólne pochodzenie, tajk jak koń i osioł, że każda rodzina zarówno zwierząt, jak i roślin ma wspólny rodowód, a nawet że wsyztkie zwierzęta pochodzą od jendego zwierzęcia, które doskonaląc się lub degenerując z biegiem czasu wydało wszystkie rasy zwierzęce." (406) George Louis Leclerc de Buffon

„Ubi spiritus ibi libertas” (gdzie wzniosłość (sublimaty) myśli, tam wolność. W DP XVI to hasło przez humanistów stracił ważność: Tyrania jest mniejszym złem niż mieć swobodę taką, by każdy czynił podłuh swojej, fantazji, i lepiej mieć tyrana, choćby i okrutnego, niż nie mieć żadnego księcia albo mieć takiego, pod którym każdemu dozwolone, by czynić wszystko, co tylko zechce///Ci, którzy nie chcą, żeby magistrat mieszał się do spraw religii, a głównie do karania heretyków, gardzą wyraźny słowem Boga….i przygotowująwielkie zniszczenie Kościoła.” Teodor Beze (200) Wójcik

The clergy ... [wishing to establish their particular form of Christianity] ... believe that any portion of power confided to me [as President] will be exerted in opposition to their schemes. And they believe rightly: for I have sworn upon the altar of god, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. But this is all they have to fear from me: and enough, too, in their opinion. -- Thomas Jefferson, to Benjamin Rush, 1800. ME 10:173 (capitalization of the word god is retained per original (see inset); see full letter in Positive Atheism's Historical section) letter to Benjamin Rush[Passage]:

“I promised you a letter on Christianity, which I have not forgotten. On the contrary, it is because I have reflected on it, that I find much more time necessary for it than I can at present dispose of. I have a view of the subject which ought to displease neither the rational Christian nor Deists, and would reconcile many to a character they have too hastily rejected. I do not know that it would reconcile the genus irritabile vatum who are all in arms against me. Their hostility is on too interesting ground to be softened. The delusion into which the XYZ plot shewed it possible to push the people; the successful experiment made under the prevalence of that delusion on the clause of the constitution, which, while it secured the freedom of the press, covered also the freedom of religion, had given to the clergy a very favorite hope of obtaining an establishment of a particular form of Christianity thro' the US; and as every sect believes its own form the true one, every one perhaps hoped for his own, but especially the Episcopalians & Congregationalists. The returning good sense of our country threatens abortion to their hopes, & they believe that any portion of power confided to me, will be exerted in opposition to their schemes. And they believe rightly; for I have sworn upon the altar of god,eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. But this is all they have to fear from me: & enough too in their opinion, & this is the cause of their printing lying pamphlets against me, forging conversations for me with Mazzei, Bishop Madison, &c., which are absolute falsehoods without a circumstance of truth to rest on; falsehoods, too, of which I acquit Mazzei & Bishop Madison, for they are men of truth. -- Thomas Jefferson, to Benjamin Rush, 1800. ME 10:173 (capitalization of the word god is retained per original (see inset); see full letter Positive Atheism's Historical section)

"If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their money, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them (around the banks), will deprive the people of their property until their children will wake up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered." Thomas Jefferson

Andrew Jackson quotes: Gentlemen, I have had men watching you for a long time and I am convinced that you have used the funds of the bank to speculate in the breadstuffs of the country. When you won, you divided the profits amongst you, and when you lost, you charged it to the bank. You tell me that if I take the deposits from the bank and annul its charter, I shall ruin ten thousand families. That may be true, gentlemen, but that is your sin! Should I let you go on, you will ruin fifty thousand families, and that would be my sin! You are a den of vipers and thieves.

"If you don`t read the newspaper you are uninformed, if you do read the newspaper you are misinformed." Marc Faber

"There’s no other way out but to print money. In the long run, all paper money will go exactly to its intrinsic value, which is zero." Marc Faber

"In certain periods of time, as Thucydides deponed, time speeds up and things happen chaotically and feverishly that impact future events with absolute certainty. In the case of England, the ‘Henrician Reformation’ was such a period in time. Before the ‘Reformation’, Henry VIII’s England was one of the many uniform candles found on Europe’s altar. During that period, Henry had tried to distinguish his country’s candle from the others by standing and extending his arms over his head to raise the candle to a higher position than any of the rest of the Roman Catholic countries had. When he had realized that he could not maintain that position for the reason that his Queen was unable to give birth to a male child who would be able to hold that candle in that same station and hopefully rise it higher than his father, he had tried to retain the place of his candle for regression from a dignified and exalted height is as painful and sharp as death for a human god on earth. The Pope would not dispense his marriage, and so he took his candle and keenly directed it to the Pope so he could feel its warmth, knowing not that he had begun to trek on the path to schism. When the Pope still resisted, Henry took his candle into the dungeons of history to find how he could maintain the position of his candle, uncovering forgotten and illustrious history that his ‘Reformation’ was based on. With history in one hand and his candle in the other, he began to set alight his kingdom, making an hysterical fire that he rose above and controlled. England could have burst into flames and exploded like a star, but, instead, it burned like hell, rose like the sun, and began to orbit the earth – the beginning of England’s burning and rising sun that led England to shed light in the dark continents, never set at any time of the day, and in no way, as well as on no account, kneel to other countries’ substandard candles." Thomas P. Koziara

„Nie da się uniknąć pytania o sens obecnego przedsięwzięcia.” Najdawniejsze Dzieje Ziem Polskich „W produkcji zboża Grecja nigdy nie stała się samowystarczalna i w świadomości jej mieszkańców ciągle obecny był strach przed głodem. Z tego powodu handel zbożem w większości greckich społeczności podlegał ścisłemu nadzorowi władz.” Historia Starożytna (234)

„Życie w Grecji nigdy nie toczyło sięw izolacji od świata zewnętrznego.” Historia Starożytna (234)

„W starożytności koreślenie Grecja odnosiło się do terenów zamieszkanych przez Greków, a nie do jakiegoś konkretnego państaw. Nazwy te zostały pwrowadzone przez Rzymian (łac. Graecia, Gracie) początkowo dotyczyły tylko niewielkiego plemiona ((Graikoi?), które zamieskiwało pograniczen Attyki i Beocji.” Historia Starożytna (236)

„Sami Grecy nazywali się natomiast Hellenami (gr. Hellenes) a ziemie przeze siebie zamieszkane – Helladą (gr. Hellad). Nazwa pochodzi od wymienionego przez Homera Hellena, mitycznego przedka wszystkich Greków.” Historia Starożytna (236)

„Wraz z rozwojem miast zanikła władza królewska i pojawiły się ciała kolegialne (rada i zgromadzenie), które przejęły jej uprawniania). Władza królewska przetrwała tylko na obrzeżach greckiego świata w rejonach, gdzie nie rozwinęła się instytucja polis (Macedonia, Epir, niektóre kolonie) oraz w Sparcie,… Historia Starożytna (252)

„Edukacja Spartiaty kończyła się zwykle na nauce czytania i pisania. Dużą wagę przykładano natomiast do musyki, ponieważ rozpalała ona ducha bojowego i pomagała żołnierzowi w walce.” Historia Starożytna (275)

„Demokraci widzieli w Sparcie największe zagrożenie dla Ateńskiej hegemonii.” Historia Starożytna (302)

„Ateńczycy dla uzyskania poparcia Persji gotowi byli nawet obalić demokrację…” Historia Starożytna (309) Po klęsce Ateny w wojnie peloponezu. w mieście przejęto te warunki z wyraźną ulgą i kiedy Lizander wpłynął do Pireusu, „poczęto z zapałem ogromnym przy muzyce muzyce flecistek rozbieraćmury w mniemaniu, że dzień ten jest dla Grecji początkiem wolności,” napisał Ksenofont.” Historia Starożytna (310) -po tej klęsce, „Lud, do którego należały ostateczne decyzje, w najtrudniejszych monentach głosował po wpływem chwilowych impulsów, np. jednego płomiennego przemówienia. Katastrofa sycylijska pogłębiła wszystkie negatywne zjawiska w ateńskim życiu politcznym, nastąpiła silan polaryzacja poglądów nie sprzyjająca rozsądnej ocenie sytuacji.” Historia Starożytna (312)

„Ostatnie lata wojny peloponeskiej rozczarowały ostatecznie wielu Ateńczyków do demokracji.” Historia Starożytna (315)

„Pauperyzacja dużych grup ludności prowadziła zaś do nasilenia konfliktów społecznych i politycznych, ponieważ grup najuboższej ludności sympatyzowały z demokracją, a bogaci popierali oligarchię.” Historia Starożytna (325)

„Święty Hufiec” – taktyk w którym siła uderzeniowa obydwu skrzydeł była mniej więcej równa. Epaminondas zmiodofikował falangi. Najlepszych hoplitów postawił na lwym skrzedle w kolumnach liczących aż 50 ludzi, za nimi na czele elitarnej jednostki zwanej ‘świętym hufcem.’ Powstawił Pelopidasa. Tylko prawe skrzydło zachowało tradycyjną głębokość szyku – 8 hoplitów. Hopolicy na lewym, wzmocnionym skrzydle otrzymali rozkaz atakowania z większą szybkością, w efekcie czego powstał szyk ukośny. Innym oryginalnym posunićiem Epaminodnasa było ustawienie falangi w ogledłości 50 stóp za jazdą i taka odległość miała być zachowana przez cały czas ataku. Dotychczas hoplici oczekiwali na wynik starcia jazdy i opiero atakowali. Teraz posuwając się w niewielkiej odległości za konicą nie dali przewnikowi czasu na uporządkowania szeregów. Święty Hufiec atakował natomiast w pewnej odległości za główną kolumną, dzięki czemu Pelopidas mia pełny przegląd sytuacji i mógł wybrać optymalny moment do bezpośredniego uderzena.” Historia Starożytna 321

„Pierwszymi krytykami mitów byli filozofowie i historycy.” Historia Starożytna (328)

„Wraz z sofistami pojawia się charakyeryzystyczna dla całej kultury europejskiej idea, że wychowania opera się na wiedzy.” Historia Starożytna (338)

„Człowiek jest miarą wszystkich rzeczy, istniejących, że istnieją, i nieistniejących, że nie istnieją.” Protagoras (339)

„…filozofia sokratejska miała decydujące znaczenie tak dla rozwoju całej filozofii greckiej, jak i myśli europejskiej.” Historia Starożytna (339)

„Słabością armii perskiej był również brak jednolitego dowództwa.” Historia Starożytna (361)

„Aleksander czując się następcą królów perskich przyjął wschodni ceremoniał dworski i starał się wymóc jego przestrzeganie na swym macedońskim otoczeniu.” Historia Starożytna (367)

„Demokraci widzieli w Sparcie największe zagrożenie dla Ateńskiej hegemonii.” Historia Starożytna (302)

„Już w okresie wielkich podbojów zachwiane zostały zasady mores maiorum i zmieniły się obyczaje Rzymian. W okresie schyłku republiki podważono stare ideały gruntownie zmodyfikowano sposób myślenia. Namocniej przeobraził się życie arystokracji senatorskiej. Surowe ideały przedków zostały zastępione przez styl życia bardzo swobodny, afirmujący dążenie do maksimum wygród i rozkoszy.” Historia Starożytna (487)

„Okres cesarstwa przyniósł zasadnicze zmiany w życiu prowincji. Zerwanie z polityką bezwzględnego i krótkowzrocznego wyzysku, która cechowała schyłek republiki rzymskiej, dało możność rozwinięcia różnych gałęzi produkcji, urbanizacji prowincji i awansu społecznego miejscowej arystokracji. Dzięki wprowadzeniu systemu jednolitej monety, budowie doskonałych kamiennych dróg oraz bezpieczeństwu wewnętrznemu mogła dobrze rozwinąć się wumiana handlowa zarówno wewnątrz Imperium, jak między Rzymem i krajami niezależnymi.” Historia Starożytna (524)

„Rzymianie objęli tutaj (zachodnie prowincji) w posiadanie tereny stojące na ogół niżej pod względem cywilizacyjnym.” Historia Starożytna (525)

„Proces stopniowego upadku Italii można zaobserwować również w niektórych działach produkcji rzemieślniczej.” Historia Starożytna (532)

„Samorząd miejski dawał okazję do zaspokojenia ambicji politycznych.” Historia Starożytna (533)

„Rzym w okresie cesarstwa stale się rozbudowywał.” Historia Starożytna (535)

„W dziedzinie filozofii Rzymianie nie storzyli żadnego oryginalnego systemu czerpiąc z myśli greckiej przede wszystkim to, co odpowiadało ich potrzebom, i łącząć elementy różnych teorii. Interesowała Rzymian głównie etyka, praktyczne wskazówki jak należy żyć i postępować w różnych konkretnych sytuacjach. Zainteresowanie człowiekiem, dążenie do jego jak najlepszego poznania, rozwój nauki o moralności – to bezsprzeczne osiągnięcia Rzymian.” Historia Starożytna (553)

„Charakterystyczny dla okresu pryncypatu był rozwój rzeźby przedstawiającej kobiety i dzieci.” Historia Starożytna (555)

„Znaczene kultu Izydy w życiu rzymskim w II w. n.e. można poznać dzięki opisanym przez Apulejusza w Metamorfozach przygodom Lucjusza, który został wtajemniczony w misteria Izydy, a następnie Ozyrysa.” Historia Starożytna (557)

„…zmiany w oficjalnej religii. Dawni bogowie miasta Rzymu nei zaspokajali już nowszych, bardziej uniwersalnych potrzeb.” Historia Starożytna (560)

„Prześladowania chrześcijan miały charakter religijny, nie zaś polityczny…” Historia Starożytna (570)

„Duża niezależność Palmyry za rządów Denata, a następnie jej całkowite oderwanie się od Rzymu za panowania Zenobii były możliwe dzięki bardzo trudnej sutacji państaw rzymskiego na Zachodzie i triumfowi idei separatystycznych w Galii.” Historia Starożytna(581)

„Cechą charakterystyczną rządów Klaudiusza II, Aureliana i Probusa jest szybki i wysoki awans tych skromnie urodzonych ludzi, zawdzięczany talemton wodzowskim, uzyskanie władzy przy pomocy armii, rządy silnej ręki i dalsze kształtowanie absolutyzmu cesarskiego.” Historia Starożytna (586)

„Osłabienie gospodarki towarowo-pieniężnej w znacznej części Imperium, samowystarczalność ekonomiczna latyfundiów i saltu powodowały zmniejszenie się produkcji rzemieślicznej w wielu miastach. Zubożenie ogółu ludności miejskiej pociągało za sobą osłabienie jej siły nabywczej. W tej sytuacji głównym odbiorcą produkcji rzemieślniczej pozostał sam cesarz, jego dwór i armia. Włdze państwowe były zainteresowanie w uzyskaniu stałej części produktów rzemiosła i z tego punktu widzenia ingerowały w życie miast. Zaczęła się w tym czasie pojawiać tendencja do dziedziczenia zawodu, wywołana pewnymi naciskami ze strony państwa, które chciało sobie zagwarantować stałe dostawy produktów rzemieślniczych.” Historia Starożytna (590)

„Trudności finansowe państwa szły w parze ze stałym pogarszaniem się monety.” Historia Starożytna (591)

W szczytowym okresie kryzysu pieniądza ludność ukrywała jako skarby lepszą monetę (tezauracja – [storing Money for personal reasons]) której wartość nominalna była taka sama jak nowej, gorszej. Państwo jednak, nie dysponując rezerwami w skarbie, szukało wyjścia z trudności było nakładanie nowych podatków.” Historia Starożytna(591)

„W III w. nastąpiło wyraźne zubożenie arystokracji municypalnej, wzrosły natomiast jej obciążenia. Władze centralne zmusały zamożniejszych mieszkańców do przyjmowania urzędów, ze sprawowaniem których związane były znaczene świadczenia mateirlane.” Historia Starożytna (592)

„Cesarz ostatecznie przestał być pierwszym obywatelem w państwie, stał się absolutnym panem. Nowa forma ustroju była próbą wjścia z poważnych trudności wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych.” Historia Starożytna (599)

„Trudności gospodarcze państwa skłoniły cesarzy do podjęcia wielu radykalnych reform mających zabezpieczyć regularne dostawy pewnych ilości produktów rolnych i rzemieślniczych. Wobec zachwiana się podstaw gospodarki towarowo-pieniężnej państwa starało sięzede wszystkim o ściąganie różnych podatków w postaci naturaliów. W tym celu cesarze wkroczyli na drogę dziedzicznego przywiązywania niektórych grup ludzi do zawodu. Zarządzenia te dotknęły przede wszystkim kolonów. ” Historia Starożytna (609)

„W IV w. zaczęła stopniowo zanikać warstwa wolnych chłopów. W okresie najazdów i niebezpieczeństw, przed którymi nie mogły ich uchronićwładze państwowe, na skutek częstych nadużyć urzędników, wobec których byli bezbronni, wolni rolnicy oddawali się pod opiekę możnym panom na zasadzie tzw. Patrocium. Chłopi zrzekali się własności ziemi na rzecz pana, za co uzyskiwali jego opiekę i ochronę.” Historia Starożytna (609)

„Italia została podzielona między dwie diecezje, niea miała żadnych przywilejów. Istotną zmianą w systemie admnitracji było zniesienie podziału urzędów na senatorskie i ekwickie, dla przedstawicieli obu warstw społecznych dostępne były wszystkie stanowiska. Proces ten zakończył Konstantyn likwidując odrębność stanu ekwickiego.” Historia Starożytna (611)

„W czasie ostatnich dwudziestu lat istnienia zachodniego Imperium rządziło dziewięciu cesarzy, z których pięciu zamordowano.” Historia Starożytna (636)

„Każdy podział historii na okresy jest sztuczny. Wiemy, że nie kończy się ona nagle w jednym miejscu.” Historia Polski Średniowiecze przez Stanisława Szczura (17)

„Postępująca decentralizacja państwa obudziła regionalne ambicje.” Historia Polski Średniowiecze przez Stanisława Szczura Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (p.190)

„Decydującą rolę w narodzinach Europy średniowiecznej odegrały masowe migracje ludów zamieszkujących dotychczas teren Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Migracje te zmieniły obraz etniczny kontynentu i przczniły się do częściowej likwidacji Cesasrstwa Rzymskiego, a także pogłębiły regresję gospodarczą i spowobodowały (obok innych przyczyn) upadek kultury.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (26)

„Zróżnicowanie majątkowe obejmowało początkowo ruchomości.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (151)

„Umocnienie się królestw skandynawskich w XI w. Spowodowało zmankięcie epoki wypraw wikingów, które wywarły niemały wpływ na losy Europy. Wpływ ten był przede wszystkim negatywny: okrutni rabusie z północy, których działalnośćzyspiszyła rozpad monarchii karolińskiej i zahamowała rozwój ekonomiczny licznych krajów zachodniej Europy, budzili przerażenie i panikę wśród ludność. Uważano ich bądż za narzĕdzie gniewu bożego, bądź za wysłanników Antychrysta, a ich niespodziewane napaday na obiekty leżące nieraz daleko w głąb lądu nie spoykały się często z żadnym zorganizowanym oporem.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (153)

„Początki rozwoju miast włoskich wiązały się ściśle z ich bizantyjskimi kontaktami. Trwałym rezultatem militarnego wysiłku Justyniana było utrzymania w Italii licznych przyczółków pośredniczących międyzy cywilizowanym światem bizantyjskim a zbarbaryzowaną Europą Zachodnią.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (181)

„...kronikarzy nomandzkich o nieuctwie i barbarzyństwie Anglików...” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (206)

XI...”wzrost tenchniki rolnej i obszaru zasiewów (rozszerzanego dzięki niezwykle szerokiej akcji karczowania lasów i brania pod uprawę gruntów opuszczonych lub dziewiczych), wzrost liczby ludności, rozwój rzemiosła i handłu, powstanie miast, wszstko to stwarzało germent, który rozsadzał dotychczasowe ramy społeczeństwa feudlanego. Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (256)

„Wszystkie organiczwane przez papiestwo krucjaty okończyły się więc niepowodzeniem. Jeżeli Jerozolima wróciła raz jeszcze do chrześcijan, to dzięki cesarsowi Fryderykowi II i to nie w drodze zbrojnej wyprawy, ale poprzez układy z tolerancyjnym Al.-Kamilem.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (270)

„Ale schizma stworzyła za to nowe możliwości dla realizacji też.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara

Rożne polityczne systemy w Europie w tym samym czasie: demokracja szlachecka w Polsce, Abzolituzlm na zachod, szlachta na północ. Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (458)

„Kiedy spadek kultury po bizancjum przejęły Włochy dzięki emigrującym tam uczonym, po spadek polityczny zgłosił się władcy Moskwy, niebawem ‘trzeciego Rzymu’.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (492)

„Wzmocnienie miast i rozwój stosunków rynkowych w Japonii otwierały drogę do zjednoczenia państwa w XVI w.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (503)

„Wynalazek wielkiego pieca spowodowało przewrót w technice hutnictwa; proch strzelniczy – w sztuce wojennej; papier i druk – w nauce, oświacie, kulturze, polityce…słowem w większości dziedzin życia społecznego.” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (507)

„Okresy buntu intelektualnego przeciw panującej ideologii nieprzypadkowo przypadły na czasy fermentu społecznego…” Historia Powszechna Średniowiecza przez Benedykta Zientara (507)

„W sumie więc jest to historia Rzeczypospolitej wielu narodów, okresu w dziejach Polski, kiedy od 1569 do 1795 r. była ona częścią wielkiego państwa i kiedy polski naród polityczny współdecydował o sprawach politycznych z narodami politycznymi litewskim, ruskim i pruskim (niemieckim).” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (15)

„…było to państwo [Polska] cywilizacji rolniczej, gdzie zmiany zachodziły bardzo powoli i niezależnie od działań politycznych.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (16)

„…[chciałbym] pokazać źródła wielkich konfliktów, które na tyle osłabiły Rzeczypospolitą, że nie mogła się obronić przed ostatecznym upadkiem.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (16)

„I tak monarchia mogła się przekształcić w ustrój despotyczny, w którym władca nie szanuje żadnych praw. Rządy arystokracji mogły się przerodzić w oligarchię, gdzie rządy sprawować będą nie najlepsi, lecz kilki najbogatszych. Demokracja natomiast może zmienić się w ochlokrację, gdzie będą dominowały instynkty tłumu. W rezultacie powstała koncepcja ustroju mieszanego, którą przypisują się Polibiuszowi. Na ustrój mieszany składają się trzy wspomniane formy ustrojowe: monarchiczny, arystokratyczny i demokratyczny. Wzorem takiego była republika rzymska. W czasach odrodzenia, kiedy gwałtownie wzrosło zainteresowanie antykiem, ideały republiki rzymskiej były bardzo powszechne wśród elit europejskich. Przypomnijmy, że uczono się łaciny na tekstach pisarzy rzymskich, którzy bronili ideałów republikańskich, a bardzo popularne były wtedy mowy Cycerona. W dość powszechnym mniemaniu ustrój miesany był najdoskonalszą koncepcją myśli prawno-politycznej, a organizacja państwa weneckiego oparta na tych założeniach budziła powszechny podziw.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (30-31) „Fundamentem ustroju była głęboko zakorzeniona wiara mas szlacheckich w ideały ‘złotej wolności’, do których mogła się zawsze odwołać opozycja sprzeciwiająca się reformom państwa.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (33)

„Ustrój państwa przedstawiany był często w formie wagi, gdzie na jednej szalce waży król, na drugiej wolność, a ramię wagi stanowi senat. Król zawsze chciał wzmocnienia władzy monarszej, szlachta broniła na sejmikach wolności, w końcu zawsze zwyciężał duch kompromisu i waga wracała do równowagi. A przecież, jak się o tym przekonany w rozdziałach poświęconych mentalności i kulturze szlachty, ideał kompromisu, złotego środka czy umiaru był powszechnie uznawaną wartością. Zjawisko to skłoniło jednego z historyków do nazwania państwa szlacheckiego ‘państwem zgody’, innego zaś ‘państwem kompromisu’.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (33)

„Większość państw zachodnioeuropejskich prowadziła wojny na kredyt…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (78)

„[Ludzi] Tworzyli własny, oswojony świat, w którym łatwo im było odróżniać swoich od obcych. Żyli w małych grupach, które zapewniały im bezpieczeństwo i pozwalały ściśle kontrolować zachowania społeczne.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (108)

„Nie ulega natomiast wątpliwości, że dwór wraz ze swoimi urzędnikami i chłopami stanowił swoistą wspólnotą,nazywaną niekiedy państwem.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (110) „Mit o pochodzeniu sarmackim pozwalał narodom Rzeczypospolitej kontynuować własną, realną tradycję historyczną.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (122)

„Języki…pozwalały w sposób prosty odróżniać swoich od obcych.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (123)

„W epoce przedindustrialnej język miał inny charakter niż w epoce przemysłowej, kiedy stał się precyzyjnym narzędziem służącym do nauki obsługiwania maszyn, od tokarki do karabinu maszynowego.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (123)

„Teza o naturalnej nierówności była przecież potwierdzana tak prezz doświadczenie, tradycję, ówczesną naukę, jak i religię.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (134)

Z Sejmu Wielkiego: „Jeżeli szlachectwo jest uszczęśliwieniem narodu, nobilitujmy cały naród. Wszelkie osobiste zaszczyty, wszelkie przywileje szczególne, monopolityczne uwłaczają prawy powszechnemu, dlatego skasowano szlachtę we Francji. My byśmy na większą jeszcze pochwałę zasłużyli w oczach Europy, gdybyśmy my skasowali wszystkie stany w narodzie, a ustanowili jeden dla wszsykich obywateli, to jest stan szlachecki.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (135) „Początkowo, sarmatyzm, w XVI w., był tylko teorią dotyczącą pochodzenia Słowian, a w szczególności szlachty polskiej…Dzielono wtedy Europę środkową na Germanię i Sarmację, co zostało w pełni zaakceptowane w czasach odrodzenia, chociaż takie teorie pojawiły się już w średniowieczu, np. u Jana Długosza.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (142)

„Mit o pochodzeniu sarmackim miał duże znaczenie dla integracji szlachty zamieszkującej kraje Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (142)

Rafal Leszczyński – „Malo periculosam libertatem Guam quietam serwitutem.” (Wolę niebezpieczną wolność niż spokojną niewolę) Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (145)

Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro: „równi godnością obywatele służą Rzeczypospolitej…nie jako słudzy, ale właśnie jako obywatele i równi sobie obywatele – jeśli można tak powiedzieć – współwładcy, którzy równocześnie rządzą i są rządzeni.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (145)

„Miasto potrzebne było magnatowi nie tylko jako źródło dochodów; często to spełniało ono funkcję ‘stołeczną’ dla jego posiadłości.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (159)

„Życie biologiczne człowieka w cywilizacji rolniczej było życiem w cieniu głodu. Gospodarka nie potrafiła wytworzyć tyle żywności, by ten problem przestał być istotny dla przynajmniej czterech piątych ludności Rzeczypospolitej.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (172)

„W społeczeństwie, gdzie głód realnie zagrażał większości, manifestacyjne jedznie wyszukanych potraw było tym samym, co noszenie bogatych ubrań czy mieszkanie w pałacu.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (175)

„…wojna żywi wojnę.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (175)

„Stroje noszone przez mieszkańców Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów najlepiej pokazują, że kraj ten leżał na styku kultury Zachodu i Wschodu.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (183)

„W rodzinach panujących małżeństwa miały charakter związków politycznych i stanowiły jeden z najważniejszych przedmiotów działalności dyplomacji europejskiej.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (186)

Europejskie powiedznie: „nich inni prowadzą wojny, ty, szczęśliwa Austrio, żeń się.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza

„Pozycja kobiet w społeczeństwie cywilizacji rolniczej była prawdopodobnie wyższa niż później, podczas rozwoju kapitalizmu.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (188)

„Zasada, że mąż zarabia na utrzymanie rodziny, a kobieta zajmuje się wychowaniem dzieci i utrzymaniem domu, istniała wtedy tylko w niektórych bogatych rodzinach mieszczańskich. Będzie ona typowa w pierwszych etpach rozwoju cywilizacji przemysłowej.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (188)

-„Słowo przestało być źródłem poznania i rozumienia świata, zastąpiło je doświadczenie (eksperyment) i badanie naukowe, a prace starożytnych uczonych zaczęto traktować jako zabytki historyczne.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (196-197)

„Komisja Edukacji Narodowej nie była wprawdzei pierwszym e Europie świeckim ministerstwem oświaty…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (199)

„W czasach renesansu nastąpił rozwój nauk tajemnych…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (256)

„…tolerancja religijna była traktowana jak zło konieczne…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (273)

„Polska tolerancja wynikała również z silnych związków stanowych, z solidarności szlachekicj, z przekonani, że obywatelswo Rzeczypospolitej ważniejsze jest od różnic religijnych.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (274)

„Historycy literatury i sztuki długo uważali, że barok był epoką upadku kultury, jakby przerwą pomiędzy odrodzeniem i oświeceniem.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (274)

„Piękno przestało być utożsamiane z postrzeganiem norm klasycznych, stało się pojęciem relatywistycznym; nawet brzydota mogą być przedmiotem sztuki.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza Na Baroque

„Okres baroku w Polsce to Take zwrot w kierunku średniowiecza, które w rozumieniu współczesnych przestało być czasem ciemności, a stało się znamienitą epoką e dziejach chrześcijaństwa.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (276)

„Religia barokowa polegała na unarodowieniu katolicyzmu.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (277)

„Po pierwszym okresie reformy katolickiej wyraźnie obniżył się poziom druków religijnych i kazań, a religijność stała się bardzo płytka, bez głębszej refleksji teologicznej.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (278)

„Ostatnie trzydzieści lat sztuki barokowej oraz istnienia Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów t okres, w którym twórcy sięgają do wzorów historycznych, nie tyle do swoich ojców, co dziadów. W tym czasie coraz bardziej rozwija się sztuka neoklasycyzmu, a barok nadal dominuje na prowincji.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (296)

„Oświecenie…Stanowiły one jedną z przyczyn przejścia od cywilizacji rolniczej do przemysłowej…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (297)

„Oświecenie głosiło empiryzm, twierdząc, że wiedza zdobywana jest za pomocą doświadczeń.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (297)

„Nawet w nowym państwie zbudowanym na ideologii oświecenia, jakim były Stany Zjednoczone, jeszcze długo istniało niewolnictwo.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (298)

„Wspólna dla myślicieli oświecenia była także idea postępu, choć już pojawiły się sądy o szczęśliwym życiu człowieka w stanie natury, umacniane przez mit dobrego dzikusa (barbarian, Wild Man).” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (299)

„Idee oświecenie pojawiły się na terenach Rzeczypospolitej stosunkowo wcześnie, ale miały zasięg bardzo ograniczony. W zasadzie funkcjonowały one w dwu środowiskach: w protestanckim środowisku wielkich miast pruskich (Gdańska i Torunia) i wśród magnatów.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (299)

„Świat dwóch kultur próbował się ponownie łączyć w cywilizacji przemysłowej, czego przejawem było wprowadzenie obowiązku szkolnego, gdyż gospodarka potrzebowała sprawnych pracowników, a państwo żołnierzy. Zaczęła kształtować się kultura masowa, jest to już wszakże próg nowej epoki, w której kultura ta zdobyła sobie szczególnie miejsce.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (310)

„Europa w XVI w. to Europa dynastii, małżeństwa to traktaty polityczne, a ich skutku były dalekosiężne, przypomnieć wypada politykę małżeńską dynastii Habsburgów, które pozwoliła im stworzyć imperium, ‘gdzie nigdy nie zachodziło słońce….w każdej warstwie społecznej małżeństwa miały najczęściej charakter kontrkatów ekonomicznych. Stąd małżeństwo Zygmunta Augusta z Barbarą, jakkokolwiek zawarte z milości, można oceniać w kategoriach błędu politycznego.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (356)

„Konfederacje wojskowe były formą zinstytucjonalizowanego buntu, albo może lepiej: strajku wojskowego, który występował w Rzeczypospolitej w XVII w.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (546)

„Upokorzenie Rezczypospolitej przez Repnina, zawód w nadziejach na detronizację Stanisława Augusta…” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza (661)

Ignacy Potocki (Masonem) godził ogień z wodą, „tzw. Tradycje szlacheckiego republikanizmu z napływającymi z Paryża nowinkami, sygnalizującymi nadejście epoki nowoczesnej demokracji.” Historia Polski 1492-1795 przez Mariusza Markiewicza - Łukasz Kądzieła (682)

„Cała Eurpoa wraz z najbardziej roziniętymi krajami zachodnimi, Niderlandami, Anglią czy Francją, pozostawała nadal w ramach systemu feudalnego, przy czym dalsze zmiany przyniósł tu XVII w. (Anglia).” (23) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Domy były najbardziej trwałym śladem rozwoju cywilizacji.” (24) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Humanizm europejski, a przede wszystkim włoski, tej epoki, to tak już wspomnieliśmy – nawrót do antyczności i kult człowieka.” (125) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„…humanizm europejski to prąd intelektualny o charkaterze zdecydowanie elitarnym, a więc o graniczonym zakresie oddziaływania społecznego.” (125) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Znajomość literatury i nauki starożytnej nie zaginęła nigdy doszczętnie w Europie wieków średnich. Przeciwnie, były okresy, kiedy zainteresowanie kulturą antyczną wyraźnie wzrastało.” (125) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Zaprawdę nie można ich uważać za nic innego jak za przewody pokarmu, gdyż, zdaniem moim, nie należą do rodzaju ludzkiego, chyba z głosu i postaci, a reszta to daleko mniej niż bydłę.” (128) Da Vinci na normlanych ludzi. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Żadne badanie ludzkie nie może zwać się prawdziwą nauką, jeżeli nei daje się objaśnić przy pomocy matematyki.” Da Vinci (128-129) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Zdaje mi się, że gdziekolwiek jest własnoś ć prywatna, gdzie wszsytko mierzy się wartością pieniędzy, tam nie można spodziewać się ani sprawiedliwości, ani społecznego dobrobytu.” Hytlodeun (132) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„najprzyjemniej żyć, kiedy się jest głupim.” Erazm (132) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

Lucien Febvre: dzieci humanizmu są w „wieku, który pragnie wierzyć.” (135) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Wymyślano że papież, księża, zakonnicy zostali nazwani stanem duchownym, książęta panowie, rzemieślnicy i wieśniacy –s tanem świeckim, co jest zaiste zręczną przebiegłością i piękną hipokryzją.” Luter (182) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„Bóg przeznacza jednych na zbawienie, drygich na potępienie. Ludzi zostają potępieni nie dlatego, że grzeszą, ale grzeszą dlatego, że Bóg ich potępił.” Calwin (199) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

Rows: „Anglai osiągnęła dojrzałość, stała się nowoczesnym państwem, podczas gdy Hiszpania pozostała nadal krajem średniowiecznym z wilkim zamorskim imperium.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (295)

„…najwyższą fazą feudalizmu jest monarchia absolutna. Tam gdzie przemiany poszły w kierunku zgodnym z ogólną tedencją rozwojową, absolutyzm odniósł bezsprzeczny triumf, doprowadzając do umocnienia czynnik państwowych (Francja, Brandenburgia, Rosja i In.). Tam, gdzie rozwiązanie takie nie nastąpiło, obserwujemy gospodarczy i polityczny upadek państwa (np. Polska).” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (404)

Stone na angielskiej rewolucji: „Panujących Kościół został obalony, jego własność skonfiskowana, proklamowano a nawet narzucono dość szeroką tolerancję religijną dla wszystkich odłam protestantyzmu. Na czas Kri, a być może po raz pierwszy, pojawiła się na widowni dziejowej grupa ludiz głoszących ideę jednej wolności, a nie wielu cząstkowych wolności, równości, a nie przywilej, braterstwa, a nie uległości.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (448)

Jakub I, król angielski: król jest mianowany przez Boga żeby on „uczynił cię małym Bogiem, byś siedział na Jego tronie i panował nad innymi ludźmi.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (500)

„…ludzi prostych, zniszczonych pracą fizyczną…. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

„By lepiej przemawiać i trafiać do serc ludu, sztuka barokowa nie wahała się pworwadzićdo rzeźb i obrazów…ludzi prostych, zniszczonych pracą fizyczną, a więc to, przed czym bronił się i czego unikał renesans.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (531)

-„król winien się wystrzegać (beware) fałszywy litości (mercy), bardziej niebezpiecznej niż samo okrucieństwo” Richeleiu Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

-„W sprawahco dotyczących zbrodni stanu należy zamknąćdzwi litości” Richeleiu (550) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika

-Wójcik refers to Britain as Albion to apparently cover up that she had the most pirates In the World. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVI-XVII przez Zbigniewa Wojcika (276) „We wszystkich krajach Europy byli na ogół tradycjonalistami, chcieli żyć i pracować tak jak ich ojcowie i dziadowie. Propagowane prezz ludzi Oświecenia ulepszenia narzędzi i upraw natriagiały na wsi na opór i nieufność.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (78)

„Duchowieństwo prawosławne swą pozycją społeczną bliższe było chłopów, duchowieństwo protestanckie była też na ogół bardziej zabarwiona ‘duchem burżuazyjnym’ (kult pracowitości, empiryczny praktycyzm, indywidualizm).” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (78)

„Monarchią nazywany kraj, w którym dziedziczny władca jest w niewielkim wstopień ograniczony prezz ciała stanowe, a o powoływaniu i odwoływaniu wysokich urzędników decyduje monarsza łaska i niełaska. Oligacha nazywany kraj, w którym albo nie ma dziedzicznego władcy, albo jest on w sposób istotny ograniczony przez icała stanowe i dygnitarzy.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (90)

„Was ist Aufklärung? Oświecenie to wyjście człowieka ze stanu małoletniości, w którje był zatrzymany z własnej winy. Małoletność to niezdolność posługiwania się rozumem bez kierunku nadanego przez inną osobę. Powimey, iż człowiek pozostaje w stanie małoletniości z własnej wny, jeżeli przyczynaą tego stanu nie jest niedostatek rozumu, ale brak decyzji i odwagi aby się nim posługiwać bez czyjegokolwiek kierownictwa. Sapere Aude! Miej odwagę posługiwać się swoim własnym rozumem! Oto dewiza Oświecenia.” Immanuel Kant Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„W ogóle w krajach protestanckich konflikt między naulą a wiatą był słabszy niż w śiwecie katolickim.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (117)

To był „wiek Oświecenia, ale nie wiek oświecony.” Kant (120) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Gęstość zaludnienia świadczy o sukcesie cywilizacji.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (139)

„Od tego czasy, jeśli nie znacznie wcześniej, powstała stale pogłębiająca siętechonolgiczna granica między ‘rozwięnitym’ światem europejskim z całą resztą przodków dzisiejszego ‘trzeciego świata’.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (139)

„A więc młodość cywilizacyjna Europy jest pozorna, cywilizacja śródziemnomorska wywodzi się bowiem z cywilizacji Mezopotamii i Egiptu, a podstawowaą zdobyczą tego kręgu cywlizaczyjengo było rolnictwo zbożowo-hodowlane mające technologiczną i odżywczą wyższość nad nazbyt rękodzielniczym i żmudnm rolnictwem ryżowmy (Azcja) i nazbyt łatwym kukurydzianym (Ameryka).” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (139)

„Najpraktyczniejszy alfabet grecko-łaciński i najpraktyczniejszy hindusko-arabski system cyfrowy zostały zastosowane w na skalę masową.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (139-140)

„…rozwinął się wieloszczeblowysystme ‘pompowania’ niewolników z głębi kontynentu na zachodnie wybrzeże. Rzecz pozostała w rękach Murzynów i Arabów, a Europejczycy nie mieli bezpośrednio ‘nic wspólnego’ z tym całym przygotowawczym procederem. „ Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (152)

„Często uważa się, że niepowodzenia misjonarzy były spowodowane jaskrawym konstrsatem między głoszoną przez nich Ewangelią a nieludzką praktyką zaprezentowaną przez chrześcijańskich zdobywców i kolonizatorów.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (185)

„Natomiast we Francji w Anglii w związku z zadłużeniem państw doszło do dramatycznych kryzysów, w toku których finansjera osiągnęła wielkie znaczenie w życiu politycznym.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (215)

„Nie ma nic w umyśle, czego nie było przed w zmyśle” (Nihil Est In intellectu, quo non fuerit antea In sensu.” John Locke (288) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

“Własność powstała dzięki pracy.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (289)

„najprostsza droga do obłędu (lunacy) prowadzi przez system.” Anthony AShley Cooper III lord Shaftesbury (1671-1713) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

-racjanalistyczna krytyka doktryny chrześcijańskiej, przy czym podstawowe znaczeni miało odrzucenie dogmatu o skażeniu natury ludzkiej przez grzech pierworodny i o łasce jako odkupiającym winy czynniku przychodzącym z zewnątrz

-dziedziczna klątwa grzechu popełnionego prezz Dama i Ewę oraz uczyszczenia dzięki cudzej zsłudze zostały uznane za niezgodne z rozumem i poczuciem sprawiedliwości. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (290)

-„że umysł jest pozbawiony wiedzy, ile stąd, że jest pełen przesądów.” Pierre Bayle (292) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Czym dla Włochów skrypce, a dla Niemców organy, tym dla Francuzów był klawesyn.” (314) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Z wyjątkiem Grek jedynie Francuzi byli równocześnie filozofami, poetami, mówcami, historykami, malatarzami, arhcitekatami, rz0065bierzami i muzykami. W dziedzinie teatru oni jedni nawet przewyższyli Greków, tak bardzo górujących nad Anglikami, a w życiu codziennym znakomicie wydoskonali sztukę najużyteczniejszą i najprzyjemniejszą ze wszystkich: sztukę życia, talent towarzyskiego obcowania i konwersacji.” David Hume – 1742 (399) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Dokonajmy dokładnej analizy rzeczy…Jeżeli nie możemy się posłużyć kompasem matematyki ani pochodnią doświadczenia i fizyki, jest rzeczą pewną, iż nie posuniemy się ani o krok.” WOlterw Traite de Metaphysique (392) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

-„Jeśli raz przyjmiemy, że istnieją rodziny roślin i zwierząt, że osioł jest z rodziny konia i że różni sięod niego dlatego, iż się wyrodził, można być równie dobrze powiedzieć, że małpka jest z rodziny człowieka, że jest to człowiek, który się wyrodził, że człowiek i małpa mają wspólne pochodzenie, tajk jak koń i osioł, że każda rodzina zarówno zwierząt, jak i roślin ma wspólny rodowód, a nawet że wsyztkie zwierzęta pochodzą od jendego zwierzęcia, które doskonaląc się lub degenerując z biegiem czasu wydało wszystkie rasy zwierzęce.” (406) George Louis Leclerc de Buffon Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Louis de Beaufort: historia jest „najpiękniejszą i najszlachetniejszą rozrywka umysłu.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (406)

1748: „Espirit des Lois”: „Różne potrzeby w różnych klimatach tworzą różne sposoby życia, a różne sposoby życia tworzą różne rodzaje praw.” Montesquieu Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Quesnay: „Pod panowaniem wolności interes osobisty jednotski nie może być nigdy oddzielonej od interesu wspólnego wszystkim. Świat porusza się wówczas sam przez się. Pragnienie przyjemności najdaje społeczeństwu ruch, który przeradza się w stałą dążność do stanu możliwie najdoskolaszego.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (412)

„Nadareminie deista odetnie 12 głów hydrze religii, rychło odrosną one z tej jednej, którą pozostawił.” Diderot (414) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„W historii nowożytnej Europy każdy okres jest w jakimś stopniu ‘okresem przejściowym’”. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego(441)

„Zwieńczeniem kryzysu starego ładu był wybuch rewolucji francuskiej.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (441)

„…kryzys europejskiego starego ładu nie był kryzysem Europy, że ostatnie dekady XVIII w. to nie okres dekadencji, ale przeciwnie – przyspieszonego rozwoju. Kryzys lat 1763-1789 był kryzysem wzrostu. Powołka starego ładu pękała, jak stara skóra zrzucana przez rosnący organizm w orkesie linienia.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (442)

„Wolter: „lud jest głupi i barbarzyński” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (466)

Fryderyk II był „gwiazdę polarną wokół którje obracały sięNIemcy, Europa icały świat.” Geothe (467) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Filozofowie uczą tego, co być powinno, a królowi istnieją jedynie po to, aby wykonywać to, co wyjście pojęli.” Wolter (468) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„…Amerykanie byli to wczorajsi Brytyjczycy”. Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego(530)

„Rewolucja przemysłowa nie zawdzęzcza początków swej technologii uczonym inżynierom, ale licznym plebejskim ‘majsterkowiczom.” Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego (550)

„Z wyjątkiem Grek jedynie Francuzi byli równocześnie filozofami, poetami, mówcami, historykami, malatarzami, arhcitekatami, rz0065bierzami i muzykami. W dziedzinie teatru oni jedni nawet przewyższyli Greków, tak bardzo górujących nad Anglikami, a w życiu codziennym znakomicie wydoskonali sztukę najużyteczniejszą i najprzyjemniejszą ze wszystkich: sztukę życia, talent towarzyskiego obcowania i konwersacji.” David Hume – 1742 (399) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Dokonajmy dokładnej analizy rzeczy…Jeżeli nie możemy się posłużyć kompasem matematyki ani pochodnią doświadczenia i fizyki, jest rzeczą pewną, iż nie posuniemy się ani o krok.” WOlterw Traite de Metaphysique (392) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

-„Jeśli raz przyjmiemy, że istnieją rodziny roślin i zwierząt, że osioł jest z rodziny konia i że różni sięod niego dlatego, iż się wyrodził, można być równie dobrze powiedzieć, że małpka jest z rodziny człowieka, że jest to człowiek, który się wyrodził, że człowiek i małpa mają wspólne pochodzenie, tajk jak koń i osioł, że każda rodzina zarówno zwierząt, jak i roślin ma wspólny rodowód, a nawet że wsyztkie zwierzęta pochodzą od jendego zwierzęcia, które doskonaląc się lub degenerując z biegiem czasu wydało wszystkie rasy zwierzęce.” (406) George Louis Leclerc de Buffon Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Louis de Beaufort: historia jest „najpiękniejszą i najszlachetniejszą rozrywka umysłu.” (406) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

1748: „Espirit des Lois”: „Różne potrzeby w różnych klimatach tworzą różne sposoby życia, a różne sposoby życia tworzą różne rodzaje praw.” Montesquieu Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Quesnay: „Pod panowaniem wolności interes osobisty jednotski nie może być nigdy oddzielonej od interesu wspólnego wszystkim. Świat porusza się wówczas sam przez się. Pragnienie przyjemności najdaje społeczeństwu ruch, który przeradza się w stałą dążność do stanu możliwie najdoskolaszego.” (412) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Nadareminie deista odetnie 12 głów hydrze religii, rychło odrosną one z tej jednej, którą pozostawił.” Diderot (414) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„W historii nowożytnej Europy każdy okres jest w jakimś stopniu ‘okresem przejściowym’”. (441) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Zwieńczeniem kryzysu starego ładu był wybuch rewolucji francuskiej.” (441) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„…kryzys europejskiego starego ładu nie był kryzysem Europy, że ostatnie dekady XVIII w. to nie okres dekadencji, ale przeciwnie – przyspieszonego rozwoju. Kryzys lat 1763-1789 był kryzysem wzrostu. Powołka starego ładu pękała, jak stara skóra zrzucana przez rosnący organizm w orkesie linienia.” (442) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Wolter: „lud jest głupi i barbarzyński” (466) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Fryderyk II był „gwiazdę polarną wokół którje obracały sięNIemcy, Europa icały świat.” Geothe (467) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Filozofowie uczą tego, co być powinno, a królowi istnieją jedynie po to, aby wykonywać to, co wyjście pojęli.” Wolter (468) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„…Amerykanie byli to wczorajsi Brytyjczycy”. (530) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Rewolucja przemysłowa nie zawdzęzcza początków swej technologii uczonym inżynierom, ale licznym plebejskim ‘majsterkowiczom.” (550) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Niekiedy jednak w dziach państw, na podobieństwo chorób wstrząsających umysły ludzi i odbierających im pamięć przeszłości, zdarzają się epoki gwałtowne, kiedy przewroty sprawiają u ludów to samo, co pewne przesilenia u jednostek, kiedy miejsce wstrętu do przeszłości zajmuje zapomnienie, kiedy państwo w ogniu wojny domowej odradza się, że tak powiem, z popiołów i odzyskuje siłę młodzieńczą, uwalniając się z ramion śierci. Taka była Sparta w czasach Likurga, taki był Rzym po Tarkwiniuszach, takie sią na naszych czasów Holandia i Szwajcaria po wypędzeniu tyranów. Ale wypadki to rzadkie i są to wyjątki, których przyczyna tywi zawsze w szczególnym utrodju danego państwa. Nie mogą one zaistnieć dwa razy u jendego ludu; może on bowiem stać isę wolnym, dopóki jest tlyko barbarzyński, ale nie możw wtedy, gdy sprężyny społeczne sąjużzużyte. Wówczas zaburzenia mogą go zniszczyć, a przewroty nie zdołają go odrodzić, skoro tylko kajdany jego zostają skruszone, rozpada sięon i ginię, odtąd trzeba mu pana, a nie oswobodziciela.” Roussea (567-568) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„owoce należą do wszystkich, a ziemia do nikogo.” Roussau (569) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Handel przynosi bogactwo, ale rolnictwo zapewnia wolność.” Rousseau (575) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Polska, kraj wyludniony, spustoszony, uciemiężony i stojący otworem dla napastników, wydany na łup nieszczęściom i anarchii, tryska jeszcze módzieńczym zapałem, waży się jeszcze domagać rządu i praw, jakby się sopiero narodził.” Rousseau (576) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Cokolwiek by mówiono, nie masz już dzisiaj Francuzów, Niemców, Hiszpanów, nawet Anglików,; są tylko Europejczycy…Najwięszą ich ambicją zbytek jedyną namiętnością złoto…Mniejsza o to, jakiego pana słuchają, jakiego państwa prawa przestrzegają, byleby tylko znaleźli pieniądze, które można kraść i kobiety, które można uwodzić, wszędzie są w ojczyźnie.”Rousseau w Uwagi o Rządzie Polskim (576) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Jest to jedyny przykład w historii, że po wiekach takie państwo znajduje się dopiero w stanie anarchii.” Rousseau na Polsce (576) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Bez wątpienie Poniatowski był wielkim zbrodniarzem, dzisiaj jest może już tylko człowiekiem nieszczęśliwym…trzeba mu uciąć główę, jak na to zasłużył.” Rousseau (577) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Gdybystał na czele któregoś z narodów murzyńskich, postawiłbym na granicy szubienicę i bez litości powiesiłynm pierwszego Europejczyka, który chciałby wejść do kraju, i pierwszego tubylca, który chciałby kraj opuścić.” Rousseau (618) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

Rozum jest „oceanem niepewności bez dnia ani brzegów.” Rousseau (619) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Jeśli ktoś, publicznie przejawszy dogmaty, będzie postępował tak, kaby go one nie dotyczyły, powinien być ukarany śmiercią. Popełnił bowiem najcięższą zw wszystkich zbrodni.” Rousseau (619) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„prawdziwą świątynią jest świątynia serca” Rousseau (619) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

:Musiałem obalić wiedzę, aby zrobićmiejse dla wiary.” Kant (623) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

“Czy wiecie co jest główną przyczyną wszsytkich nieszczęść, które gnębią ludzkość? Jest nią własność.” Ksiądż Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 1776 (632) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Ach, okrutna filozofio. Jakiż jest twój cel? Czy chcesz mnie zmusić abym połączył w swym sercu poczucie niesprawiedliwości z niewolniczą uległością? O ileż mądrzejszy byłyby ów głos straszny, ale zbawinny, który by powiedział: Cierp i umiwaj w Kajdach, takie jest twoje przeznacznie.” Simon Linguet (633) Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

„Poezja domaga się czegoś ogromnego, barbazyńskeigo i dzikiego.” Diderot 1758 Historia Powszechna Wiek XVIII przez Emanuela Rostworowskiego

“Ale kobiety tak właśnie miały chodzić – wolno, z elegancją I wdziękiem. Pośpiech był cechą barbazyńców I ludzi źle urodzonych.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę (55)

“Koleje zrewolucononiówały transport ludzi I towarów, doprowadziły do poważnych zmian cywilizacyjnych, wpłynęły na postęp tecnolgiczny. Ich upowszechneieni przyczyniło się do rozowju wielu dziedzin gopsodarki, przesądziło o stardardyacji w zakresie mosy I obyczajów.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę

“Podróż zmieniła pole obserwacji, a wraz z nim proporacje świata.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę (66)

“Kolej zdecydowanie przyspieszyła tempo obiegu informacji.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę (71)

“Dopiero rosnące poczucie wspólnoty obotników, rozpoczęcie przez nich walki o poprawę położenia socjalnego uświadomiły wszystkim, że oto narodziła się nowa społeczność.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę (92)

“Polski katolycyzm ludowy charkateryzował się sensualizmem, czyli wiarą w bezpośrednią obecność Boga w życiu wiernych.” Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę (124)

“Póki świat światem. Nie będzie nigdy Niemiec Polakwi bratem.” Waclaw Potocki z Moraliów (464) Historia Polski 1795-1918 przez Andrzeja Chwalbę

"Jak wykazuje historia, Skandynawowie wyróżniali się zawsze silnym indywidualizmem." Najnowsza Historia Świata 1915-1963 przez (261)

"Ah, women. They make the highs higher and the lows more frequent." Friedrich Nietzsche.

"It is not about people knowing who you are, it is about people wanting to know who you are." Lady Gaga

"Do it anyway. 1. The version found written on the wall in Mother Teresa's home for children in Calcutta: ... People are often unreasonable, irrational, and self-centered. Forgive them anyway. If you are kind, people may accuse you of selfish, ulterior motives. Be kind anyway. If you are successful, you will win some unfaithful friends and some genuine enemies. Succeed anyway. If you are honest and sincere people may deceive you. Be honest and sincere anyway. What you spend years creating, others could destroy overnight. Create anyway. If you find serenity and happiness, some may be jealous. Be happy anyway. The good you do today, will often be forgotten. Do good anyway. Give the best you have, and it will never be enough. Give your best anyway. In the final analysis, it is between you and God. It was never between you and them anyway." Mother Theresa

“I am a mystery. Try and solve me.” Thomas P. Koziara - Mensis Juli 29, CCX

“Vanity of vanities, says Qoheleth,
vanity of vanities!  All things are vanity! Here is one who has labored with wisdom and knowledge and skill,
and yet to another who has not labored over it,
he must leave property. 
This also is vanity and a great misfortune. 
For what profit comes to man from all the toil and anxiety of heart
with which he has labored under the sun? 
All his days sorrow and grief are his occupation;
even at night his mind is not at rest. 
This also is vanity.” Ecc 1:2; 2:21-23

"Fortune sides with him who dares." - Virgil

“Historia mysterium est.” Thomas P. Koziara - August 4, 2010

"Errare tumanum est." 18 Mensis Juni CCXX

"'Jest za smutna.'- it is well-said;) but, politic is a politic- it will never be patient and kind and nice, and sympathetic. It is like a slaughterhouse- we dont want to know it, and even think about it, but we know it is necessary and inevitable." 18 Mensis Juni CCX

"Musi to na Rusi, w Polsce jak kto chce."

"Character, in great and little things, means carrying through what you feel able to do." Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

"Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover." Mark Twain

“Yes, I know it is very ouch.” Annette Labedzki - August 15, 2010

“Remember though - it is the photographer, not the camera, who takes a good picture.” Andrew Santos - August 20, 2010

"The technicians do not help produce yachts for the customers, but they do help generate the trading that produces yachts for the brokers." Burton Malkiel

"The market is now down 3.4% from the August 12 open, when the first Hindenburg Omen was sighted, on route to validating the prediction of a 5% drop. However, in the process it continues getting worse and worse - today we just got a third H.O. confirmation, and a 4th standalone HO event, as the market seems to be getting ever more schizophrenic, with increasing new highs and new lows, while the undercurrent is one of ever increasing implied correlation as noted earlier, as ever more asset managers simply rely on levered beta "strategies" to redeem their year. Unlike 2009, however, this time the trick won't fly, as it appears the market's downside potential is finally starting to be appreciated." Tyler Durden

"It is wonderful to struggle, when the people around you are also engaged in the same struggle, and share your dreams." G.L.

“Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us.” Mical Free

“Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to fall back.”

"...markets have ceased to function as they are intended - traditionally a place to exchange values, but more importantly to perform price discovery (people rely on markets to tell them what to do or to at least give them some guidance). What's happened is that all the markets have become so badly distorted that their price discovery function and therefore the information content around it no longer has any value." The primary culprit in this distortion is, of course, the Fed which is now and has been for over a year, openly (and not so openly when it comes to stocks) manipulating the broader market: "I always like to say if a private sector person does it, it's manipulation, but if the government does it it's policy. So they call it policy and they would say they had reasons for it, but in fact it was massively distorting." And on the oh so obvious extension from this argument to the "$1 trillion+ cash on corporate balance sheets" theory, Rickards says that this is "not healthy at all, that's a very negative sign because it means that people are afraid to allocate capital because they can not get good information from the markets. In effect the US and policy intervention from homebuyer tax credit, cash for clunkers, quantitative easing, mortgage purchases have in effect destroyed our markets, they no longer give us valuable information." Obviously, today's most recent battery of micro fiscal stimuli announced by the administration will merely make the market even more irrelevant as a price discovery and a capital allocation deterministic mechanism: and the more administrative meddling, the more money will sit on the sidelines, and the more retail investors will withdraw capital from risky assets. If you no longer invest in stocks, you are not alone: "I don't even take the stock market seriously" says Rickards, "and I mean that in all seriousness.  Who's in the stock market right?  You have indexers and robots. Is anybody else trading the stock market?" Obviously, that is a rhetorical question. Rickards continues by blasting the now prevalent, and well documented HFT feedback loops, that endow the market with a certain broken fractal quality: "the market has become self-referential, an algo playing itself out, almost the way you would run a self-recursive equation on a computer and you get very unpredictable results from very simple equations. It has degenerated into a joke. Everyone is looking around for the cause of the Flash Crash: what you find in complex systems is that the cause is almost irrelevant. What matters is that the autonomous agent, the participant, the elements of the system are prone to catastrophic collapse, so once you are in that mode, once you have that scale and that degree of complexity so that you are prone to collapse, the catalyst doesn't matter. If you have an avalanche who cares what snow flake started it, what you care about is the instability of the mountainside. The Flash Crash was the warning, I don't think the warning has not been taking very seriously. The markets are not reflecting fundamentals, because there are no more fundamental traders. It is an accident waiting to happen. I recommend to clients that they not be in stocks anymore.  I don't take the market very seriously up or down because it has no informational content." Jim Rickards August 6, 2010

“You have to scare the American people into spending money. Right now the American people are more afraid of not having money, they are not afraid of inflation, but if you make them afraid, they will go out and start spending. So what better way than to devalue the dollar 20% against gold, and the way to do that is through open market operations...Well if that happens to be $2,000 an ounce what have you done? You've depreciated the dollar by not quite 50%. Well that's pretty powerful stuff if you are trying to get people to spend money and dump dollars. So they are not out of bullets, they have what I call the golden bullet...They have that kind of ace in the hole if they really want to trash the dollar.” Jim Rickards August 6, 2010

“Manche menschen ändern sich nie.” The Edukators

"The saddest thing in life is wasted talent." Sonny

"With foxes we must play the fox." Thomas Fuller

“For change occurs from possession to privation but from possession it is impossible; one who has gone blind does not recover sight nor does a bald man regain his hair nor does a toothless man grow teeth.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (21)

“Now spoken sounds are symbols of affections in the soul, and written marks symbols of spoken sounds. And just as written marks are not the same for all men, neither are spoken sounds. But what these are in the first place signs of - affections of the soul - are the same for all; and what these affections are likenesses of - actual things - are also the same.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (24)

“Clearly, therefore, not everything is or happens of necessity some things happen as chance has it, and of the affirmation and the negation neither is true rather than the other; with other things it is one rather than the other and as a rule, but still it is possible for the other to happen instead.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (30)

“In general, universals are easier game for the destroyer than particulars; for for whether the predicate belongs to none or not to some, they are destroyed; and the particular negative is proved in all the figures, the universal negative in two.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (68)

“It would seem to follow that health cannot belong to any man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (76)

“...envious men hate, those who are loved show affection.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (112)

“It is possible to infer character from physical features, if it is granted that the body and the soul are changed together by the natural affections (No doubt by learning music a man has made some change in his soul, but this is not one of those affections which are natural to us; but rather such natural motions as anger and desire.” If then this were granted and also that there is one sign for one affection, and if we could state the affection and sign proper to each kind of animal, we shall be able to infer character from physical features.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (113)

“They will then have the sign; for ex hypothesi there is one sign for one affection.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (113)

“And that it is impossible to demonstrate simpliciter in a circle is clear, if demonstration must depend on what is prior and more familiar...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (117)

“Ignorance - what is called ignorance not in virtue of a negation but in virtue of a disposition - is error coming about through deduction.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (130)

“Acumen is a talent for hitting upon the middle term in an imperceptible time...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (147)

“The things we seek are equal in number to those we understand. We seek four things: the fact, the reason why, if it is, what it is.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (147)

“For when we seek whether it is this or this, putting it into a number Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (e.g. whether the sun is eclipsed or not), we seek the fact.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (147)

“Now what we seek and what on finding we know are these and thus many.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (148)

“A man might puzzle over whether one can know the same thing in the same respect by definition and by demonstration, or whether that is impossible.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (148)

“Again, every demonstration proves something of something, i.e. that it is or is not...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (149)

“Every definition is always universal; for the doctor does not say what is healthy in the case of some individual eye, but either in the case of every eye, or determining some species of eye.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (161)

“For if it be to injure deliberately, clearly it is not possible for a god to be wronged; for it is impossible that God should be injured. Again, to see if the good man is jealous, ask who is the jealous man and what is jealousy.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (183)

“Moreover, you should determine what kind of things should be called as most men call them, and what should not. For this is useful both for establishing and for overthrowing a view: e.g. you should say that we ought to use our words to mean the same things as most people mean by them, but when we ask what kinds of things are or are not of such and such a kind, we should not here go with the multitude...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (183)

“Likewise also the man whose star is good well-starred - as Xenocrates says, he who has a noble soul is well-starred. For a man’s star is his soul.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (187)

“Also, that which is desired for itself is more desirable than that which is desired for something else; e.g. health is more desirable than gymnastics; for the former is desired for itself, the latter for something else. Also, that which is desirable in itself is more desirable than what is desirable per accidens; e.g. justice in our friends than justice in our enemies; for the former is desirable in itself, the latter per accidens; for we desire that our enemies should be just per accidens; in order that they may do us no harm.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (194)

“Also, that which is in itself the cause of good is more desirable than what is so per accidens, e.g. virtue than luck Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for the former is in itself, and the latter per accidens, the cause of good things), and so in other cases of the same kind. Likewise also is the case of the contrary; for what is in itself the cause of evil is more objectionable than what is so per accidens, e.g. vice and chance; for the one is so in itself, whereas chance is so per accidens.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (194)

“Also the end is generally supposed to be more desirable than the means, and of two means, that which lies nearer the end. In general, too, a means directed towards the end of life is more desirable than a means to anything else, e.g. that which contributes to happiness than that which contributes to prudence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (195)

“For what produces happiness exceeds what produces health by a smaller amount; hence, the excess of what produces happiness over what produces health is greater than that of health over what produces health. Clearly, therefore, what produces happiness is more desirable than health; for it exceeds the same standard by a greater amount.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (195)

“...the young are more troubled by their passions than are the elders.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (196)

“...it will not be a property of man to move by his own initiative...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (224)

“...for with anything it is easier to do it than to do it correctly...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (235)

“...and it is absolutely impossible for a thing to exist without its appropriate differentia - if there is nothing terrestrial, there will be no man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (244)

“”For sleep is not an attribute of perception, whereas it ought to be, if it is an incapacity to perceive.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (244-245)

“One should always attack deficiency.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (247)

:...justice is what preserves the laws...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (251)

“Any one who keeps on asking one thing for a long time is a bad inquirer.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (266)

“If, again, the answerer is defending some one else’s opinion, then clearly it will be the latter’s judgment to which he must have regard in granting or denying the various points. This is why those who introduce others’ opinions - e.g. that good and evil are the same thing, as Heraclitus says - refuse to admit that contraries do not belong at the same time to the same principles one has to say so.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (269)

“Do not argue with every one, nor practice upon the man in the street; for there are some people with whom any argument is bound to degenerate. For against anyone who is ready to try all means in order to seem not to be beaten, ti is indeed fair to try all means of bringing about one’s conclusions; but it is not good form. Therefore the best rule is, not lightly to engage with the man in the street, or bad argument is sure to result. For you see how in practicing together people cannot refrain from contentious argument.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (277)

“Again: ‘Evils are good; for what must be is good, and evils must be.’ For what must be has a double meaning: it means what is inevitable, as often is the case with evils Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for evil of some kind os inevitable), while on the other hand we say of good things as well that they must be.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (280)

“If, therefore, the universe has not come to be, ti has no first beginning, and is there infinite. But this does not necessarily follow; for if what has come to be always has a first beginning, it does not follow that what has a first beginning has come to be; any more than it follows that if a man in a fever is hot, a man who is hot much be in a fever.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (283)

“...now death is a particular form of perishing and is contrary to life; life, accordingly, the soul and life are not the same.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (283)

“But in point of fact those that depend on the word are a branch of those deductions that depend on a multiplicity of uses.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (289)

“You should lead people, then, into views opposite to the majority and to the wise: if anyone speaks as do the expert reasoners, lead him into opposition to the majority, while if he speaks as do the majority, then into opposition to the wise. For some say that of necessity the happy man is just, whereas it is implausible to the many that a king should not be happy. To lead a man into implausibility of this sort is the same as to lead him into the opposition of the standards of nature and convention; for convention represents the opinion of the majority, whereas the wise speak according to the standard of nature and the truth.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (294)

“In dealing with arguments that depend on accident, one and the same solution meets all cases. For since it is indeterminate when an attribute when an attribute should be ascribed to an object, in cases where it belongs to its accident, and since in some cases it is agreed and people admit that it belongs, while in others they deny that it need belong, we should therefore, as soon as the conclusion has been drawn, say in answer to them all alike, that there is no necessity for such an attribute to belong. One must, however, be prepared to adduce an example. All arguments such as the following depend upon accident. ‘Do you know what I am going to ask you?’ ‘Do you know the man who is approaching’, or ‘the man in the mask?’ ‘Is the statue your work of art?’ or ‘Is the dog your father?’ ‘Is the product of a small number with a small number a small number?’ For it is evident in all these cases that there is no necessity for what is true of the accident to be true of the object as well. For only to things that are indistinguishable and one in substance does it seem that all the same attributes belong; whereas in the case of a good thing, to be good is not the same as to be going to be the subject of a question...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (305)

“Those arguments which depend upon an expression that holds properly of a particular thing, or in a particular respect, or place, or manner, or relation, and not without qualification, should be solved by considering the conclusion in relation to its contradictory, to see if any of these things can possibly have happened to it. For it is impossible for contraries and opposites and an affirmative and a negative to belong to the same thing without qualification; there is, however, nothing to prevent each from belonging in a particular respect and the other without qualification. So that if this one belongs without qualification and that one in a particular respect, there is as yet no refutation. This is a feature one has to find in the conclusion by examining it in comparison with its contradictory.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (307)

“Similarly with the argument of the thief; for it is not the case that if the thief is an evil thing, acquiring things is also evil; what he wishes, therefore, is not what is evil but what is good; for to acquire is good. Also, disease is an evil thing, but not to get rid of disease.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (308)

“If, then, it seems to you after inspection that, such being the situation as it existed at the start, our investigation is in a satisfactory condition compared with the other inquiries that have been developed by tradition, there must remain for all of you, our students, the task of extending us your pardon for the shortcomings of the inquiry, and for the discoveries thereof your warm thanks.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (314)

“For nothing, they say, is purely and entirely white or black or sweet, or bone or flesh, but the nature of a thing is held to be that of which it contains the most.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (320)

“Now the infinite qua infinite is unknowable, so that what is infinite in multitude or size is unknowable in quantity, and what is infinite in variety of kind is unknowable in quality. But the principles in question are infinite both in multitude and in kind.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (320)

“Further, anything may come out of anything-water by segregation from flesh and flesh from water.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (320)

“If then this is true, everything that comes to be or passes away comes from, or passes into, its contrary or an intermediate state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (322)

“Everything, therefore, that comes to be by a natural process is either a contrary or a product of contraries.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (322)

“The same is true of any other pair of contraries; for Love does not gather Strife together and make things out of it, nor does Strife make anything out of Love, but both act on a third thing different from both. Some indeed assume more than one such thing from which they construct the world of nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (323)

“For one thing is sufficient to be acted on; but if we have four contraries, there will be two contrarieties, and we shall have to suppose an intermediate nature for each pair separately.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (324)

“We say that ‘one thing comes to be from another thing, and something from something different, in the case both of simple and of complex things. I mean the following. We can say the man becomes musical, or what is not-musical becomes musical, or the not-musical man becomes a musical man. Now what becomes in the first two cases - man and not-musical - I call simple, and what each becomes - musical - simple also. But when we say the not-musical man becomes a musical man, both what becomes and what it becomes are complex.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (324)

“Now in all cases other than substance it is plain that there must be something underlying, namely, that which becomes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (325)

“Thus, from what has been said, whatever comes to be is always complex.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (325)

“So they say that none of the things that are either comes to be or passes our of existence, because what comes to be must do so either from what is or from what is not, both of which are impossible. FOr what is cannot come to be Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (because it is already), and form what is not nothing could have come to be Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (because something must be underlying).” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (326)

“But nevertheless we maintain that a thing may come to be from what is not in a qualified sense, i.e. accidentally. FOr a thing comes to be from the privation, which in its own nature is something which is not - this not surviving as a constituent of the result.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (327)

“In the first place they allow that a thing may come to be without qualification form what is not, accepting on this point the statement of Parmenides.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (328)

“Again, matter is a relative thing - for different forms there is different matter.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (332)

“In one way, then, that out of which a thing comes to be and which persists, is called a cause, e.g. the bronze of the statue, the silver of the bowl, and the genera of which the bronze and the silver are species.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (332)

“In another way, the form of the archetype, i.e. the definition of the essence, and its genera, are called causes Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (e.g. of the octave the relation of 2:1, and generally number), and the parts in the definition.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (332)

“Again, the primary source of the change or rest; e.g. the man who deliberated is a cause, the father is cause of the child, and generally what makes of what is made and what changes of what is changed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (332)

“All things are called cause sin many ways, it follows that there are several causes of the same thing (not merely accidentally), e.g. both the art of the sculptor and the bronze are causes of the statue. These are causes of the statue qua statue, not in virtue of anything else that it may be - only not in the same way, the one being the material cause, the other the cause whence the motion comes. Some things cause each other reciprocally.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (333)

“In investigating the cause of each thing it is always necessary to seek what is most precise Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as also in other things...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (334)

“Both chance and spontaneity are also reckoned among causes: many things are said both to be and to come to be as a result of chance and spontaneity.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (334)

“Some people even question whether there are such things or not. They say that nothing happens by chance, but that everything which we ascribe to chance or spontaneity has some definite cause. e.g. coming by chance into the market and finding there a man whom one wanted but did not expected to meet is due to ones wish to do and buy in the market.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (334)

“Certainly the early physicists found no place for chance among the causes which they recognized - love, strife, mind, fire, or the like. This is strange, whether they supposed that there is no such thing as chance or whether they thought there is but omitted to mention it - and that too when they sometimes used it, as Empedocles does when he says that the air is not always separated into the highest region, but as it may chance.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (335)

“There are some who actually ascribe this heavenly sphere and all the worlds to spontaneity. They say that the vortex arose spontaneously, i.e. the motion that separated and arranged the universe in its present order. This statement might well cause surprise. For they are asserting that chance is not responsible for the existence or generation of animals and plants, nature or mind or something of the kind being the cause of them Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for it is not any chance thing that comes from a given seed but an olive from any kind and a man from another); and yet at the same time they assert that the heavenly sphere and the divinest of visible things arose spontaneously, having no such cause as is assigned to animals and plants. Yet if this is so, ti is a fact which deserves to be dwelt upon, and something might well have been said about it. For besides the other absurdities of the statement, it is the more absurd that people should make it when they see nothing coming to be spontaneously in the heavens, but much happening by chance among the things which as they say are not due to chance, whereas we should have expected exactly the opposite.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (335)

“It is clear then that chance is an accidental cause in the sphere of those actions for the sake of something which involve choice. Thought, then, and chance are in the same sphere, for choice implies thought.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (336)

It is necessary, no doubt, that the causes of what comes to pass by chance be indefinite; and that is why chance is supposed to belong to the class of the indefinite and to be inscrutable to man, and why it might be thought that, in a way, nothing occurs by chance. For all these statements are correct, as might be expected. Things do, in a way, occur by chance, for they occur accidentally and chance is an accidental cause. But it is not the cause without qualification of anything; for instance, a house builder is the cause of of a house; accidentally, a flute player may be so.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (336)

“Chance is called good when the result is good, evil wen it is evil. The terms ‘good fortune’ and ‘ill fortune’ are used when either result is of considerable magnitude. Thus one who comes within an ace of some great evil or great good is said to be fortunate or unfortunate. The mind affirms the presence of the attribute, ignoring the hair’s breadth difference. Further, it is with reason that good fortune is regarded as unstable; for chance is unstable, as none of the things which result from it can hold always or for the most part.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (336-337)

“Every result of chance is from what is spontaneous, but not everything that is from what is spontaneous is from chance.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (337)

“Chance and what results from chance are appropriate to agents that are capable of good fortune and of action generally. Therefore necessarily chance is in the sphere of actions. This is indicated by the fact that good fortune is thought to be the same, or nearly the same, as happiness, and happiness to be a kind of action, since it is well-doing. Hence what is not capable of action cannot do anything by chance. Thus an inanimate thing or a beast or a child cannot do anything by chance, because it is incapable of choice; nor can good fortune or ill fortune be ascribed to them, except metaphorically, as Protarchus, for example, said that the stones of which altars are made are fortunate because they are held in honour, while their fellows are trodden under foot. Even these things, however, can in a way be affected by chance, when one who is dealing with them does something to them by chance, but not otherwise.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (337)

“Hence it is clear that events which belong to the general class of things that may come to pass for the sake of something, when they come to pass nor for the sake of what actually results, and have an external cause, may be described by the phrase ‘from spontaneity’. These spontaneous events are said are said to be from chance if they have the further characteristics of being the objects of choice and happening to agents capable of choice. This is indicated by the phrase ‘in vain’, which is used when one thing which is for the sake of another, doe snot result in it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (337)

“Spontaneity and chance are causes of effects which, thought they might result from intelligence or nature, have in fact been caused by something accidentally. Now since nothing which is accidental is prior to what is per se, it is clear that no accidental cause can be prior to a cause per se. Spontaneity and chance, therefore, are posterior to intelligence and nature. Hence, however true it may be that the heavens are due to spontaneity, ti will still be true that intelligence and nature will be prior causes of this universe and of many things in it besides.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (338)

“We must explain then first why nature belongs to the class of causes which act for the sake of something; and then about the necessary and its place in nature, for all writers ascribe things to this cause, arguing that since the hot and the cold and the like are of such and such a kind, therefore certain things necessarily are and come to be - and if they mention any other cause Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (one friendship and strife, another mind), it is only to touch on it, and then good-bye to it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (339)

“Thus if a house, e.g., had been a thing made by nature, it would have been made in the same way as it is now by art; and if things made by nature were made not only by nature but also by art, they would come to be in the same way as by nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (340)

“This is most obvious in the animals other than man: they make things neither by art nor after inquiry or deliberation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (340)

“Now mistakes occur even in the operations of art: the literate man makes a mistake in writing and the doctor pours out the wrong dose. Hence clearly mistakes are possible in the operations of nature also.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (340)

“Further, seed must have come into being first, and not straightway the animals: what was ‘undifferentiated first’ was seed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (340)

“Art does not deliberate.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (341)

“If, therefore, purpose is present in art, it is present also in nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (341)

“It is plain then that nature is a cause, a cause that operates for a purpose.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (341)

“Necessity in mathematics is in a way similar to necessity in things which come to be through the operation of nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (341)

“The necessary in nature, then, is plainly what we call by the name of matter, and the changes in it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (342)

“Nature is a principle of motion and change, and it is the subject of our inquiry. We must therefore see that we understand what motion is; for if it were unknown, nature too would be unknown.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (342)

“We have distinguished in respect of each class between what is in fulfillment and what is potentially; thus the fulfillment of what is potentially, as such, is motion - e.g. the fulfillment of what is alterable, as alterable, is alteration; of what is increasable and its opposite, decreasable Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (there is no common name for both), increase and decrease; of what can come to be and pass away, coming to be and passing away; of what can be carried along, locomotion.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (343)

“On the other hand, it is the buildable which is being built.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (343)

“Belief in the existence of the infinite comes mainly from five considerations: From the nature of time - for it is infinite; From the division of magnitudes - for the mathematicians also use the infinite; again, if coming to be and passing away do not give out, it is only because that from which things come to be is infinite; again, because the limited always finds its limit in something, so that there must be no limit, if everything is always limited by something different from itself. Most of all, a a reason which is peculiarly appropriate and presents the difficulty that is felt by everybody - not only number but also mathematical magnitudes and what is outside the heaven are supposed to be infinite because they never give out in our thought.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (347)

“Anaxagoras gives an absurd account of why the infinite is at rest. He says that the infinite itself is the cause of its being fixed. This because it is in itself, since nothing else contains it - on the assumption that wherever anything is, it is there by its own nature. But this is not true: a thing could be somewhere by compulsion, and not where it is its nature to be.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (350)

“First of all things came chaos to being, then broad breasted earth.” Hesiod Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (355)

“As was explained, some things are potentially in place, others actually. So, when you have a homogeneous substance which is continuous, the parts are potentially in place: when the parts are separated, but in contact, like a heap, they are actually in place.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (361)

“Melissus, indeed, actually argues from this that the universe is immovable;for if it were moved there must, he says, be void, but void is not among the things that exist.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (363)

“Since we have determined the nature of place, and void must, if it exists, be place deprived of body, and we have stated both in what sense it does not, it is plain that on this showing void does not exist, either unseparated or separated; for the void is meant to be, not body but rather an interval in body.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (364)

“...all movement is either compulsory or according to nature, and if there is compulsory movement there must also be natural Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for compulsory movement is contrary to nature, and movement contrary to nature is posterior to that according to nature, so that if each of the natural bodies has not a natural movement, none of the other movements can exist)...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (365)

“This also explains the common saying that human affairs form a circle, and that there is a circle in all other things that have natural movement and coming into being and passing away. This is because all other things are discriminated by time,and end and begin as though conforming to a cycle; for even time itself is though to be a circle. And this opinion again is held because time is a measure of this kind of locomotion and is itself measured by such. So that to say that the things that come into being form a circle is to say that there is a circle of time; and this is to say that it is measured by the circular movement; for apart from the measure nothing else is observed in what is measured. the whole is just a plurality of measures.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (378)

“Affections, it may be said, are motions, and whiteness is an affection; thus there may be change to a motion.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (379)

“Change which is not accidental on the other hand is not to be found in everything, but only in contraries, in things intermediate between contraries, and in contradictories, as may be shown by induction.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (379)

“For the becoming of learning cannot be learning; so neither can the becoming of becoming be becoming, nor can the becoming of any process be the process.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (382)

“...for according to our definition there can be continuity only when the ends of the two things are one.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (386)

“Of all things that have no contraries there are opposite changes Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (viz. change from the thing and change to the thing, e.g. change from being and change to being), but no motion. So, too, of such things there is no remaining though there is absence of change. Should there be a particular subject, absence of change in its being will be contrary to absence of change in its not-being.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (389)

“It is clear then that, since we exclude these form among motions, we must not say that this absence of change is a state of rest: we must say that it is similar to a state of rest and call it absence of change. And it will have for its contrary either not or absence of change in the thing’s not-being, or the ceasing to be of the thing; for such ceasing to be is change from it and the thing’s coming to be is change to it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (389)

“...convalescence is no more natural or unnatural than falling ill...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (389)

“Further, everything that changes must be divisible. For since every change is from something to something, and when a thing is at the point to which it was changing it is no longer changing, and when both it itself and all its parts are the point form which it was changing it is not changing...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (396)

“Since everything that changes changes from something to something, that which has changed must at the moment when it has first changed be in that to which it has changed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (397)

“Zeno’s arguments about motion, which cause so much trouble to those who try to answer them, are four in number. The first asserts the non-existence of motion on the ground that that which is in locomotion must arrive at the half-way stage before it arrives at the goal....The second is the so-called Achilles, and it amounts to this, that in a race the quickest runner can never overtake the slowest, since the pursuer must first reach the point whence the pursued started, so that the slower must always hold a lead....The result of the argument is that the slower is not overtaken; but it proceeds along the same lines as the bisection-argument Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for in both a division of the space in a certain way leads to the result that the goal is not reached...The third is that already given above, to the effect that the flying arrow is at rest, which result follows from the assumption that time is composed of moments; if this assumption is not granted, the conclusion will not follow. The fourth argument is that concerning equal bodies which move alongside equal bodies in the stadium from opposite directions - the ones from the end of the stadium, the others from the middle - at equal speeds, in which he thinks it follows that half the time is equal to its double.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (405)

“...since it is not possible that that which in this sense cannot be cut should be cut should be being cut, and generally that which cannot come to be should be coming to be, it follows that it is not possible that that which cannot have changed. If, then, that which is in locomotion is to be changing to something, it must be capable of having changed. Consequently its motion is not infinite, and it will not be in locomotion over an infinite distance; for it cannot have traversed such a distance.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (407)

“But we have agreed that that which is at rest if something is not in motion must be moved by something. Consequently, everything that is in motion must be moved by something; fro that which is in motion will always be divisible, and if a part of it is not in motion the whole must be at rest.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (408)

“Thus we say that a thing is altered by becoming hot or sweet or thick or dry or white; and we make these assertions alike of what is inanimate and of what is animate, and further, where animate things are in question, we make them both of the parts that have no power of sense-perception and of the senses themselves. For in a way even the senses undergo alteration, since actual perception is a motion through the body in the course of which the sense is affected in a certain way.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (411)

“Again, states, whether of the body or the soul, are not alterations. For some are excellences and others are defects, and neither excellence not defect is an alteration; excellence is a perfection Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for when anything acquires its proper excellence we call it perfect, since it is then really in its natural state: e.g. a circle is perfect when it becomes really a circle and what it is best), while defect is a perishing of or departure from this condition.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (412)

“Further, we say that all excellences depend upon particular relations. Thus bodily excellences such as health and fitness we regard as consisting in a blending of hot and cold elements in due proportion, in relation either to one another with the body or to the surrounding; and in like manner we regard beauty, strength, and all the other excellences and defects.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (412-413)

“...no change at all can have a becoming.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (414)

“Nature itself in some cases causes the soul to settle down and come to a state of rest, while in others other things do so; but in either case the result is brought about through the alteration of something in the body, as we see in the case of the use and activity of the intellect arising from a man’s becoming sober or being awakened. It is evident, then, from the preceding argument that alteration and being altered occur in sensible things and in the sensitive part of the soul and, except accidentally, in nothing else.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (414)

“If then it is possible that at any time nothing should be in motion, this must come about in one of two ways: either in the manner described by Anaxagoras, who says that all things were together and at rest for an infinite period of time, and that then Mind introduced motion and separated them, or in the manner described by Empedocles, according to whom the universe is alternately in motion and at rest - in motion, when Love is making the one out of many, or Strife is making many out of one, and at rest in the intermediate periods time...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (418-419)

“Motion, we say, is the actuality of the movable in so far as it is movable. Each kind of motion, therefore, necessarily involves the presence of the things that are capable of that motion. “ Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (419)

“...in fact, it is just this that enables Democritus to show that all things cannot have had a becoming; for time, he says, is uncreated. Plato alone asserts the creation, saying that it is simultaneous with the world, and that the world came into being.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (420)

“But that which holds by nature and is natural can never be anything disorderly; for nature is everywhere the cause of order. Moreover, there is no ratio in the relation of the infinite to the infinite, whereas order always mean ratio.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (421)

“We see nothing like this in the case of inanimate things, which are always set in motion by something else from without: the animal, on the other hand, we say, moves itself...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (422)

“No absurdity is involved in the fact that something not in motion may be set in motion, that which is to cause motion from without being at one time present, and at another absent.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (422)

“Again, earth and all other bodies necessarily remain in their proper places and are moved from them only by violence; from the fact, then, that some of them are in their proper places it follows that in respect of place all things cannot be in motion.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (424)

“Of things which move in their own right, some derive their motion form themselves, others form something else: and in some cases their motion is natural, in others violent and unnatural.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (425)

“And further, if there is always something of this nature, a mover that is itself unmoved and eternal, then that which is first moved by it must also be eternal.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (434)

“Moreover to these we may add those who make soul the cause of motion; for they say that things that undergo motion have as their first principle that which moves itself; and when animals and all living things move themselves, the motion is motion in respect of place.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (444)

“Now the infinite possesses this power of principles, and indeed in the sphere of quantity possesses it in the highest degree; so that it is no way absurd or unreasonable that the assumption that an infinite body exists should be of peculiar moment to our inquiry.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (452)

“Moreover, in general, it is impossible that the infinite should move at all. If it did, it would move either naturally or by constraint; and if by constraint, it possesses also a natural motion, that is to say, there is another place, infinite like itself, to which it will move. But that is impossible.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (456) “On the other hand, a thing moves by constraint to a place in which it rests by constraint, and rests by constraint in a place to which it moves by constraint.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (458)

“For in general that which is moved changes from something into something, the starting-point and the goal being different in form, and always it is a finite change. For instance, to recover health is to change from disease to health, to increase is to change form smallness to greatness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (460)

“This conclusion that local movement is not continued to infinity is corroborated by the fact that earth moves more quickly the nearer it is to the centre, and fire the nearer it is to the upper place.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (460)

“For it has been shown that that which moves in a circle cannot change its place. And it cannot be that which moves from the centre or that which lies lowest. Naturally they could not be there, since their proper places are elsewhere; and if these are there unnaturally, the exterior place will be natural to some other body, since a place which is unnatural to one body must be natural to another...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (462)

“It is therefore impossible that one and the same thing should be capable always existing and of always not-existing. And not always existing, the contradictory, is also excluded, thus it is impossible for a thing always to exist and yet to be destructible.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (467)

“If, again, the two terms follow one another, if the ungenerated is indestructible, and the indestructible ungenerated, then the eternal follows each of them: anything ungenerated is eternal and anything indestructible is eternal. This is clear too from the definition of the terms. Whatever is destructible must be generated; for it is either ungenerated or generated, but, if ungenerated, it is by hypothesis indestructible. Whatever, further, is generated must be destructible. For it is either destructible, but, if indestructible, ti is by hypothesis ungenerated.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (468)

“Now alteration is due to contraries, and the things which compose the natural body are the very same that destroy it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (469)

“From all this it is clear that the theory that the movement of the stars produces a harmony, i.e. that the sounds they make are concordant, in spite of the grace and originality with which it has been stated, is nevertheless untrue.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (479)

“For that which spreads itself out widely is fine, and a thing composed of small parts is so spread out.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (497)

“...that which comes into being and that out of which it comes must needs be together.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (499)

“It seems that perceptible things require perceptible principles, eternal things eternal principles, corruptible things corruptible principles; and, in general, every subject matter principles homogeneous in itself.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (500)

“...‘like moves to like’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (506)

“...no movement can move into infinity.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (509)

“Hence those who dwell in intimate association with nature and its phenomena are more able to lay down principles such as to admit of a wide and coherent development; while those whom devotion to abstract discussions has rendered unobservant of the facts are too ready to dogmatize on the basis of a few observations.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (515)

“...everything always comes-to-be something and out of something...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (518)

“We can now understand why fire heats and the cold thing cools, and in general why the active thing assimilates to itself the patient. For agent and patient are contrary to one another, and coming-to-be is a process into the contrary: hence the patient must change into the agent, since it is only thus that coming-to-be will be a process into the contrary.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (528-529)

“...like is always unaffected by like...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (529)

“Now the art of healing corresponds to an origin, while the food corresponds to the last Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (i.e. contiguous) mover.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (530)

“...some things are such as to act and others such as to suffer action from them.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (537)

“Thus the process of conversion will be quick between those which tally with one another, but slow between those which do not. The reason is that it is easier for a sing thing to change than for many.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (542)

“For, to begin, with, ti is characteristic of matter to suffer action, i.e. to be moved; but to move, i.e. to act, belongs to a different power. This is obvious both in the things that come-to-be by art and in those that come-to-be by nature. Water does not of itself produce out of itself an animal; and it is the art, not the wood, that makes a bed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (550)

“For since Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as they say) it is the nature of the hot to dissociate, of the cold to bring together, and of each remaining contrary either to act or to suffer action, it is out of such materials and by their agency Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (so they maintain) that everything else comes-to-be and passes-away.” Yet it is evident that even Fire is itself moved, i.e. suffers action.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (550)

“Now being Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (we have explained elsewhere the variety of meanings we recognize in this term) is better than not-being; but not all things can possess being, since they are too far removed from the principle.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (551)

“The answer must clearly be because that which is moved is continuous.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (552)

“But amongst bodies which are moved, only that which is moved in a circle is continuous in such a way that it always preserves its continuity with itself. The conclusion there is that this is what produces continuous movement, viz. the body which is being moved in a circle; and its movement makes time continuous.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (552)

“It is in circular movement, therefore, and in cyclical coming-to-be that the absolutely necessary is to be found. In other words, if the coming-to-be of any things is cyclical, it is necessary that each of them is coming-to-be and has come-to-be; and if it is necessary, their coming-to-be is cyclical.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (554)

“...the more and the faster a thing moves, the more apt it is to take fire. Besides, the sun, which most of all the stars is considered to be hot, is really white and not fiery.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (559)

“The whole land of the Egyptians, whom we take to be the most ancient of men, has evidently come into existence and been produced by the river.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (574)

“What a thing is is always determined by its function: a thing really is itself when it can perform its function; an eye, for instance, when it can see. When a thing cannot do so it is that thing only in name, like a dead eye or one made of stone, just as a wooden saw is no more a saw than one in a picture. The same, then, is true of flesh, except that its function is less clear than that of the tongue.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (624)

“Many a time, Alexander, has Philosophy seemed to me truly divine and supernatural, especially when in solitude she soars to the contemplation of things universal and strives to recognize the truth that is in them, and while all others abstain from the pursuit of this truth owing to its sublimity and vastness, she has not shrunk from the task nor thought herself unworthy of the fairest pursuits, but has deemed the knowledge of such things at once most natural to herself and most fitting. For seeing that it was not possible Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as once the foolish Aloadae attempted) by means of the body to reach the heavenly region and leaving the earth behind to spy out that holy country, the soul by means of philosophy, taking the intellect as her guide, finding an east path has traversed the intervening space and fared forth, and by intelligence comprehended things very far removed in space from one another, easily, I think, recognizing those things which have kinship with herself, and by the divine eye of the soul apprehending things divine and interpreting them to mankind. This she felt, being desirous, as fas as in her lay, freely to give to all men a share of her honours. And so men who have laboriously described to us either the nature of a single region or the plan of a single city or the dimensions of a river or the scenery of a mountain, as some before now have done, - telling of Ossa or Nysa or the Corycian cave or fiving us some other limited description, - such men one should pity for their small-mindedness in admiring ordinary things and making much of some quite insignificant spectacle. They are thus affected because they have never contemplated what is nobler - the Universe and the greatest things or the Universe; for if they had properly attended to these things, they would never marvel ay anything else, but all else would appear insignificant and, compared to the surpassing excellence of these things, of no account. Let us therefore treat of all these matters and, as far as possible, inquire into their divine nature, and discuss the nature and position and movement of each of them. And I think that it is but fitting that even you, who are the noblest of rulers, should pursue the inquiry into the greatest of all subjects and that philosophy should entertain no trivial thoughts, but make the noblest among men welcome to these her gifts.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (626)

“The substance of the heaven and stars we call ether, not because it blazes, owing to its fiery nature Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as some explain the word, mistaking its nature, which is very far removed from fire), but because it is in continual motion, revolving in a circle, being an element other than the four pure and divine.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (627)

“For God is in very truth the preserver and creator of all that is in any way being brought to perfection in this universe; yet he endures not all the weariness of being that administers and labours, but exerts a power which never wearies; whereby he prevails even other things which seem far distant from him. He has himself obtained the first and highest place and is of the whole heaven; and the body which is nearest to him most enjoys his power, and afterwards the next nearest,a and so on successively until the regions wherein we dwell are reached. That is why the earth and the things upon the earth, being farthest removed from the benefit which proceeds from God, seem feeble and incoherent and full of much confusion; nevertheless, inasmuch as it is the nature of the divine to penetrate to all things...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (635)

“The position of God in the universe is analogous to this, for he preserves the harmony and permanence of all things; save only that he has his seat not in the midst, where the earth and this our troubled world is situated, but himself pure he has gone up into a pure region, to which we rightly give the name of heaven, for it is the furthest boundary of the upper world...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (638)

“Now if its movement is not incidental, there must be a movement natural to it, and, if so, so all the species enumerated involve place, place too must be natural to it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (647)

“If, then, we have to give a general formula applicable to all kinds of soul, we must describe it as an actuality of the first kind of a natural organized body. That is why we can dismiss as unnecessary the question whether the soul and the body are one; it is as though we were to ask whether the wax and its shape are one, or generally the matter of a thing and that of which it is the matter. Unity has many senses Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as many as ‘is’ has), but the proper one is that of actuality.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (657)

“Air in itself is, owing to its friability, quite soundless; only when its dissipation is prevented is its movement sound.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (668)

“As flavours may be divided into sweet and bitter, so with smells. In some things the flavour and the smell have the same quality, e.g. both are sweet, in others they diverge.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (670)

“As sight is the most highly developed sense, the name Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (imagination) has been formed from Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (light) because it is not possible to see without light.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (682)

“To the thinking soul images serve as if they were contents of perception Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (and when it asserts or denies them to be good or bad it avoids or pursues them).” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (685)

“But animals must be endowed with sensation, since Nature does nothing in vain. For all things that exist by Nature are means to an end, or will be concomitants of means to an end. Every body capable of forward movement would, if unendowed with sensation, perish and fail to reach its end, which is the aim of Nature; for how could it obtain nutriment? Stationary living things, it is true, have as their nutriment that from which they have arisen; but it is not possible that a body which is not stationary but produced by generation should have a soul and a discerning mind without also having sensation. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (Nor yet even if it were not produced by generation.) Why should it not have sensation? It would have to be better either for the soul or for the body; but in fact it is neither - for the absence of sensation will not enable the one to think better or the other to exist better. Therefore no body which is not stationary has soul without sensation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (690)

“All the other senses are necessary to animals, as we have said, not for their being, but for their well-being.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (692)

“Memory is, therefore, neither perception not conception, but a state or affection of one of these, conditioned by lapse of time. As already observed, there is no such thing as memory of the present while present; for the present is object only of perception, and the future, of expectation, but the object of memory is the past. All memory, therefore implies a time elapsed; consequently only those animals which perceive time remember, and the organ whereby they perceive time is also that whereby they remember.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (714)

“It seems in general that the middle point among all things is a good starting-point. For i one does not recollect before, he will do so when he has come to this, or, if not, nothing can help him...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (718)

“...of all that we are acquainted with, none, we venture to say, except man, shares in the faculty of recollection. The cause of this is that recollection is, as it were, a mode of inference. For he who endeavours to recollect infers that he formerly saw or heard, or had some such experience, and the process is, as it were, a sort of investigation. But to investigate in this way belongs naturally to those animals along which are also endowed with the faculty of deliberation; for deliberation is a form of inference.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (720)

“A proof of this is, that the sun presents itself as only a foot in diameter, though often something else gainsays the imagination. Again, when the fingers are crossed, one object seems to be two; but yet we deny that it is two; for sight is more authoritative than touch. Yet, if touch ground of such false judgments is that any appearances whatever present themselves, not only object moves a sense, but also when the sense by itself alone is moved, provided only it be moved in the same as it is by the object. For example, to persons sailing past the land seems to move, when it is really the eye that is being moved by something else.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (732)

“On the whole, forasmuch as certain of the other animals also dream, it may be concluded that dreams are not sent by God, nor are they designed for this purpose. They have a mysterious aspect, however, for nature is mysterious, though not divine. A sign is this: the power of foreseeing the future and of having vivid dreams is found in persons of inferior type, which implies that God does not sent their dreams...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (737)

“...it is quite natural that random persons should be those who have foresight.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (738)

“Death, in old age, is the exhaustion due to inability on the part of the organ, owing to old age, to produce refrigeration.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (761)

“The halcyon is the most rarely seen of all birds. It is seen only about the time of the setting of the Pleiads and the solstice. When ships are lying at anchor, it will hover about a vessel and then disappear in a moment, and Sresichorus alludes to this peculiarity. The nightingale also breeds at the beginning of summer, and lays give or six eggs; from autumn until spring it retires to a hiding-place.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (857)

“There is a grub entitled the ‘faggot-bearer’, as strange a creature as is known.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (878)

“If female animals the mare is the most sexually wanton, and next in order comes the cow.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (898)

“The cow as a rule bears but one calf, very seldom two; she submits to the bull and bears as long as she lives.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (902)

“It is a common thing with men to be at first sexually competent and afterwards impotent, and then again to revert to their former powers.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (918)

“In addition to those affections, one should observe what happens when a woman dreams she is having intercourse with a man, and what state she is in when she wakes up - e.g. is she weaker?) is she always so, or sometimes so and sometimes not so?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (987)

“Again, it sometimes happens that women who have had erotic dreams and men who have made love are more vigorous - not in strength but in health.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (989)

“As every instrument and every bodily member is for the sake of something, viz. some action, so the whole body must evidently be for the sake of some complex action. Thus the saw is made for sawing, for sawing is a function, and not sawing for the saw. Similarly, the body too must somehow or other be made for the soul, and each part of it for some subordinate function, to which it is adapted.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1005)

“So much then for the voluntary movements of animal bodies, and the reasons for them. These bodies, however, display in certain members involuntary movements too, but most often non-voluntary movements. By involuntary I mean motions of the heart and of the penis; for often upon an image arising and without express mandate of the intellect these parts are moved. By non-voluntary I mean imagination not desire is properly mistresses of any of these. But since the animal body must undergo natural changes of quality, and when the parts are so altered some must increase and other decrease, so that the body must straightaway be...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1095)

“Of these one is that nature creates nothing without a purpose, but always the best possible in each kind of living creature by reference to its essential constitution.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1097)

“The details concerning these last, and the places which they come into being, must be learnt from history.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1181)

“Mental character is not independent of and unaffected by bodily processes, but is conditioned by the state of the body; this is well exemplified by drunkenness and sickness, where altered bodily conditions produce obvious mental modifications.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1236)

“Signs of Courage are - coarse hair; an upright carriage of the body; size and strength of bones, sides and extremities; the belly broad and flat; shoulder blades broad and set well apart, neither too closely nor too loosely knit; a sturdy neck, not very fleshy; a chest well covered with flesh and broad; flat hips; the thickness of the calf low down the leg; gleaming eyes, neither wide and starting nor yet mere slits, and not glistening; the body of a brilliant hue; a forehead straight and lean, not large, and neither quite smooth not yet a mass of wrinkles. Signs of Cowardice are - a small growth of short hair; the figure stooping and lacking in quickness; the thickness of the calf high up the leg; a sallow complexion; weak blinking eyes; weak extremities; little legs, and hands long and delicate; loins small and weak; a rigid gesture of the body; with undecided, deprecating, seated movements, and a shifty downcast look.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1240-1241)

“Good natural parts are indicated by rather moist and tender flesh, not exactly firm nor yet extremely fat; by leanness of the shoulders, neck, face, and neighbouring regions; by shoulder-blades closely knit and the parts below slack; by supple growth of hair, neither very coarse nor very black; and moist, gleaming eyes. Dullness of sense is indicated when the region of the neck and the legs are fleshy and stiffly fitted and knitted; the hip-joint round; the shoulder-blades high-set ; the forehead big, round at the ankles; the jaws big and fleshy; the eyes pale and vacant; the legs thick and fleshy and round at the ankles; the jaws big and fleshy; loins fleshy; legs long; neck thick-set; the face fleshy and rather long. The manner of movement, gesture, and facial expression of the dull man, you may take it, are analogous to his character.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241)

“Impudence is signified by small, bright, wide-open eyes, with heavy blood-shot lids slightly bulging; high shoulder-blades; a carriage of the body not erect; but crouched slightly forwards; quickness of movement; a reddish hue over the body; with sanguine complexion, a round face, and high chest. Signs of Propriety are - a slow gait; a slow way of speaking with a breath-like and weak voice; small eyes, black but not lustrous, not open and staring, nor yet mere slits; with a slow, blinking movement of the lids - for rapid blinking signifies either cowardice or a hot temperament.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241)

“Good spirits are indicated by a good-sized forehead, fleshy and smooth; the region of the eyes rather low; a rather drowsy-looking countenance, neither keen nor reflective. The gait, we may suppose, will be slow and languid, the gesture and facial expression those of a good but not a quick man. Signs of Low Spirits are - lean and wrinkled brows; drooping eyes Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (but you should notice that drooping eyes may signify softness and effeminacy as well as dejection and low spirits); a meek bearing and weary gait.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241)

“The Effeminate is drooping-eyed and knock-kneed; his head hangs on his right shoulder; his hands are carried upturned and flabby; and as he walks he either wags his loins or else holds them rigid by an effort; and he casts a furtive gaze around, for all the world like Dionysius the Sophist.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241)

“Surliness is indicated by a snarling grin; a black complexion and withered skin; a gaunt, wrinkled face and the neighbouring regions furrowed with lines; and by straight black hair.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241)

“Men of Fierce Temper bear themselves erect, are broad the ribs and move with an easy gait; the bodies are of a reddish hue, their shoulder-blades set well apart, large and broad; there extremities large and powerful; they are smooth about the chest and groin; they have great beards, and the hair of the head starts low down with a vigorous growth.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1241-1242)

“Those of a Gentle disposition are robust-looking, well covered with plenty of moist flesh; well-sized men and well-proportioned; carrying themselves with head thrown back; and their hair starts rather higher up on the head than is usual.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“The Sly man is far about the face, with wrinkles round his eyes, and he wears a drowsy expression.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“The Small-Minded Have small limbs and small, delicate, lean bodies, small eyes and small faces, just like a Corinthian or Leucadian.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Men addicted to Gaming have short arms, like weasels, and are dancers.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Abusive men have the upper lip drawn; they tend to lean forwards, and their hue is reddish.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“The Compassionate are delicate, pale, and lustrous-eyed; the top of their noses is furrowed with lines, and they are always weeping. Such men are fond of women and beget female children, and in character they are erotic and mindful of the past, with good natural parts and a fervid temper. The signs of these qualities have already been mentioned. Compassion goes with wisdom, with cowardice, and with propriety, hardness of heart with stupidity and effrontery.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Gluttony is indicated when the distance from navel to chest is greater than that from chest to neck.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Lasciviousness is indicated by a pale complexion, a heavy growth of straight, thick, black hair over the body, a heavy growth of straight hair on the temples, and small, lustrous, lewd eyes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“In the Somnolent the upper parts are disproportionately large; such men are culture-like and hot, and their flesh is firm.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Loquacity is indicated by disproportionate size of the upper parts, with a round delicate build, and a thick growth of hair about the belly.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“A Good memory is signified when the upper parts are disproportionately small, and are delicate and tolerably well covered with flesh.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1242)

“Life is found in animals and plants; but while in animals it is clearly manifest, in plants it is hidden and not evident.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1251)

“Nature often operates contrary to human interest; for she always follows the same course without deviation, whereas human interest is always changing.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1299)

“Mastered by Nature, we o’ercome by Art.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1299)

“Why is it that great excesses cause disease? Is it because they engender excess or defect, and it is in these after all that disease consists?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1319)

“But why is it that disease can often be cured if the patient indulged in excess of some kind?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1318)

“Why is it that men are more inclined for sexual intercourse in the winter and women in the summer?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1357)

“Why is it that those who are are hot by nature, when they are strong and well nourished, if they do not have sexual intercourse are often oppressed by bile, which makes its way down in a very bitter condition, and a salty phlegm is engendered , and their complexion changes? It is because some excretion always comes away with the semen?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1358)

“Why are the melancholic particularly inclined for sexual intercourse? Is it because they are full of breath, and the semen is a discharge of breath? If so, those whose semen is full of breath must necessarily often desire to purge themselves of it; for thus they are relieved of it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1358)

“Why is it that those who come into contact with certain diseases become affected by them, but no one ever becomes healthy through contact with health? Is it because disease is a state of movement, while health is a state of rest? If so, disease can set up movement, while health is a state of rest? If so, disease can set up movement, but health cannot. Or is it because disease comes to us against our will, while health comes by our own wish? Things then which occur against our will are different from those which occur by our wish and deliberate choice.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1370)

“So likewise nature always produces inferior specimens and in a greater number, and superior specimens in a small number and in some cases not at all. Now the tame is superior and the wild inferior. It is, I suppose, easier for nature - not the primitive nature but that towards which animals develop - to make the good kinds also tame; but the opposite kinds never, or scarcely ever, become tame, and it is only under certain conditions of locality and time that sooner or later owing to a general admixture of circumstances all animals can become tame.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1388)

“Now language, which is a kind of voice, seems to be very easily destroyed and to be very difficult to perfect; this is indicated by the fact that we are dumb for a long time after our birth, for at first we simply do not talk at all and then at length begin only to lisp. And because language is easily destroyed, and language Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (being a kind of voice) and hearing both have the same source, hearing is, as it were, per accidens, though not per se, the most easily destroyed of the senses. Further evidence of the fact that the source of language is eminently easy to destroy may be taken from the other animals; for no animal other than man talks, and even he begins to do so late, as has already been remarked.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1393)

“Lisping is due to the inability to master a letter - not any letter but some particular one; stammering is due to the dropping out of some particular one; stammering is due to the dropping out of some particular letter or syllable; hesitancy is due to the inability to join one syllable to another sufficiently quickly. All three are due to want of power; for the tongue is not an efficient servant of the intelligence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1400)

“For the force which sets the air in motion is derived from heat. In those who are nervous the heat travels upwards, as happens in those who are ashamed; for it is through shame that nervousness is felt. In those who are ashamed the heat travels upwards to the face, as is shown by the fact that they tend to blush. The heat therefore dissolves and thickens the air with which they speak, and such air can only be propelled slowly; and in the voice that which is slow is deep.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1400)

“Also farts and belches of those who are in an unconcocted state are unpleasant.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1410)

“Why do those who live in southerly climes tend to have black eyes? Is blueness of the eyes due to excess of internal hear, whereas blackness is due to its absence, as Empedocles affirms?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1415)

“If so, the eyes of those who live towards the north are blue, because they are themselves white Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for blue is akin to white); and those who dwell in the south being black, their eyes are black.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1415)

“Now those who are hot by nature are courageous and those who are cold are cowardly.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1415)

“Who do all men, barbarians and Greeks alike, count up to 10 and not up to any other number, saying for example, 2, 3, 4, 5 and then repeating them, one-five, two-five, just as they say eleven, twelve? Or why do they not stop at some point beyond ten and repeat from there? For every number is made up of one, two, & c., combined with a preceding number, and thus a different is formed, but the counting always proceeds in fixed sets of ten. For it is clearly not the result of chance that all men invariably count in tens; and that which is invariable and universal is not the result of chance,but is in the nature of things. Is it because ten is a perfect number? For it combines every kind of number, odd and even, square and cube, length and surface, prime and composite. Or is it because ten is the original number, since one, two, three, and four together make ten? Or is it because the bodies which move in the heavens are nine in number? Or is it because in ten proportions four cubic numbers result, from which numbers the Pythagoreans declare that the whole universe is constituted? Or is it because all men have ten fingers and so, as though possessing counters that indicate the numbers proper to man, they count all other things by this quantity? One race among the Thracians alone of all men count in fours, because their memory, like that of children, cannot extend farther and they do not use a large number of anything.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1416)

“Why is it that during eclipses of the sun, if one views them through a sieve or a leaf - for example, that of a plane-tree or any other broad-leaved tree - a or through the two hands with the fingers interlaced, the rays are crescent-shaped in the direction of the earth?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1419)

“Why is that during eclipses of the sun, if one views them through a sieve or a leaf - for example, that of a plane-tree or any other broad leaved tree - or through the two hands with the fingers interlaced, the rays are crescent-shaped in the direction of the earth?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1419)

“Why are brave men generally fond of wine? It is because the brave are full of heat, and the heat is in the region of the chest?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1489)

“Those then who have an abundance of blood in their lungs have hot lungs, as though they were drunk, and so the presentation of danger does not chill them. Such men are fond of drinking; for the desire for drink is due to the heat of this region, as has been stated elsewhere, and the desire is for that which has power to stop the heat.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1489)

“Hence those who are drunk are braver than those who are not.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1489)

“Why do states honour courage more than anything else, though it is not the highest of the excellences? Is it because they are continually either making war or having war made against them, and courage is most useful in both these circumstances? They, therefore, honour not that which is best, but that which is best for themselves.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1489)

“Why is it that man, who of all animals has the advantage of most education, is yet the most unjust of all?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1494)

“Why is that all those who have become eminent in philosophy or politics or poetry or the arts are clearly of an atrabilious temperament, and some of them to such an extent as to be affected by diseases caused by black bile, as is said to have happened to Heracles among the heroes? For he appears to have ben of this nature, and that is why epileptic afflictions were called by the ancients ‘the sacred disease’ after him. That his temperament was atrabilious is shown by the fury which he displayed towards his children and the eruption of sores which took place before his disappearance on Mount Oeta; for this often occurs as the result of black bile. Lysander the Lacedaemonian also suffered from similar sores before his death. There are also the stories of Ajax and Bellerophon, of whom the former became insane, while the latter sought out habitations in desert places; that is why Homer writes, “And since of all the gods he was hated, verily o’er the Aleian plan alone he would wander, Eating his own heart out, avoiding the pathway mortals. And many others of the heroes seem to have been similarly afflicted, and amongst men of recent times Empedocles, Plato, and Socrates, and numerous other well-known men, and also most of the poets. For many such persons have bodily afflictions as the result of this kind of temperament, while some of them obviously possess a natural inclination to affections of this kind; in a word, they all, as has been said, are naturally atrabilious. The cause of this may be understood if we first take an example form the effect of wine, which if taken in large quantities appears to produce such qualities as we attribute to the atrabilious, inducing, as it is drunk....”(1498-1499)

“Wine also makes men amorous; as is shown by the fact that a man who is drinking is induced to kiss those whom, owing to their appearance or age, no sober person would kiss. Wine then gives a man extraordinary characteristics, but for a short time only, while nature gives them permanently for the period of a lifetime...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1499-1500)

“In respect too of facing dangers an atrabilious state causes great variation, in that many of those who are in this condition are inconsistent under the influence of fears; for they vary from time to time according to the state in which their bodies happen to be in respect of their atrabilious temperament.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1501)

“To sum the matter up, owing to the fact that the effect of black bile is variable, atrabilious persons also show variation; for the black bile becomes very hot and very cold. And because it has effect upon the character Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for heat and cold have such an effect to a greater extent than anything else in us)...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1502)

“The possessor of the art can, then, create some new condition; for, when he has reached a certain point, he can retrace his steps and undo his work; but the doctor’s art has nothing to do with such a course, for its aim is always to create anything else out of health; for either nothing would be being produced, or else the opposite of health, if the same science were being employed Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (so too out of a house nothing could make its contrary)...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1504)

“If, then, all our opinions are incorrectly conceived, it is perhaps quite wrong to adopt this doctrine too, that nothing can ever come into, being out of nothing; for this is but a single opinion and an incorrect one too, which we somehow all of us have have been led to believe from out sense-perceptions.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1540)

“All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the design the delight we take in our sense; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not going to do anything, we prefer sight to almost everything else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know and brings to light many differences between things.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1552)

“The animals other than man live by appearances and memories, and have but little of connected experience; but the human race lives also by art and reasonings.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1552)

“Experience seems to be very similar to science and art, but really science and art come to men through experience; for ‘experience made art’, as Polus, ‘but inexperience luck’. And art about similar objects is produced . For to have a judgment that when Callias was ill of this disease this did him good, and similar yin the case of Socrates and in many individual cases, is a matter of experience; but to judge that it has done good to all persons of a certain constitution, marked off in one class, when they were all of this disease, e.g. to phlegmatic of bilious people when burning with fever, - this is a matter of art.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1552)

“The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure a man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has theory without experience, and knows the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured. But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (which implies that wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge)...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1553)

“...(we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, - but while the lifeless things perform them through habit)...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1553)

“And the science which knows to what end each thing must be done is the most authoritative of the sciences, and more authoritative than any ancillary science; and this end is the good in each class, and in general the supreme good in the whole of nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1554)

“...Parmenides...; for he, in constructing the genesis of the universe, says: - Love first of all the Gods she planned. And Hesiod says: - First of all things was chaos made, and then broad-breasted earth, and love that foremost is among the mortals...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1557) “...the cause of all goods is good itself.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1558)

“It is right also that philosophy should be called knowledge of the truth. FOr the end of theoretical knowledge is truth, while that of practical knowledge is action Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for even if they consider how things are, practical men do not study what is eternal but what stands in some relations at some time). Now we do not know a truth without its cause; and a thing has a quality in a higher degree than other things if in virtue of it the similar quality belongs to the other things Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (e.g. fire is the hottest of things; for it is the cause of the heat of all other things); so that that which causes derivative truths to be true is most true. Therefore the principles of eternal causes must be always most true; for they are not merely sometimes true, nor is there any cause of their being, but they themselves are the cause of the being of other things, so that as each thing is in respect of being, so is it in respect of truth.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1570)

“Even the man whom one might suppose to speak most consistently - Empedocles, - even he has made the same mistake; for he maintains that strife is a principle that causes destruction, but strife would seem none the less to produce everything, except the One; for all things excepting God proceed from strife.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1580)

“Nothing that is has a nature, but only mixing and parting of the mixed, and nature is but a name applied to them by men.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1602)

“That which comprises both of these exists by nature, e.g. the animals and their parts; and nature is both the first matter Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (and this in two sense, either first, counting from the thing, or first in general, e.g. perhaps water is first, if all things that can be melted are water), and the form or substance, which is the end of the process of becoming.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1602)

“All things that come to be either by nature or by art have matter; for each of them is capable both of being and of not being, and this capacity is the matter in each.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1630)

“We must consider also in which of two ways the nature of the universe contains the good or the highest good, whether as something separate and by itself, or as the order of the parts. Probably in both ways, as an army does. For the good is found both in the order but it depends on him. And all things are ordered together somehow, but not all alike, - both fishes and fowls and plants; and the world is not such that one thing has nothing to do with another, but they are connected. For all are ordered together to one end. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (But it is in a house, where the freemen are least at liberty to act as they will, but all things or most things are already ordained for them, while the slaves and the beasts do little for the common good, and for the most part live at random; for this is the sort of principle that constitutes the nature of each.) I mean, for instance, that all must at least come to be dissolved into their elements, and there are other functions similarly in which all share for the good of the whole.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1699)

“The rule of many is not good; let there be one ruler.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1700)

“In the Phaedo it is stated in this way - that the Forms are causes both of being and of becoming. Yet though the Forms exist, still things do not come into being, unless there is something to move them...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1707)

“For there are, we may say, three prominent types of life - that just mentioned, the political, and thirdly the contemplative life.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1731)

“Let us examine this question, however, on another occasion; the self-sufficient we now define as that which when isolated makes life desirable and lacking in nothing; and such we think happiness to be; and further we think it most desirable of all things, without begin counted as one good thing among others - if it were so contend it would clearly be made more desirable by the addition of even the least of goods; for that which is added becomes an excess of goods, and of goods the greater is always more desirable. Happiness, then, is something complete and self-sufficient, and is the end of action.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1734-1735)

“Presumably, however, to say that happiness is the chief good seems a platitude, and a clearer account of what it is still desired. This might perhaps be given, if we could first ascertain the function of man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1735)

“Now if there is any gift of the gods to men, it is reasonable that happiness should be god-given, and most surely god-given of all human things inasmuch as it is the best. But this question would perhaps be more appropriate to another inquiry; happiness seems, however, even if it is not god-sent but comes as a result of excellence and some process of learning or training, to be among the most godlike things; for that which is the prize and end of excellence seems to be the best thing and something godlike and blessed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1737)

“...it is reasonable that the facts should be so, since everything that depends on the action of nature is by nature as good as it can be, and similarly everything that depends on art or any cause, and especially if it depends on the best of all causes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1738)

“Why then should we not say that he is happy who is active in conformity with complete excellence and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life? Or must we add ‘and who is destined to live thus and die as befits his life’? Certainly the future is obscure to us, while happiness we claim, is an end and something in every way final.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1739)

“Self-indulgence is more like a voluntary state than cowardice. For the former is actuated by pleasure, the latter by pain, of which the one is to be the chosen and the other to be avoided; and pain upsets and destroys the nature of the person who feels it, while pleasure does nothing of the sort.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1767)

“Such, then, is the man who observes the mean, whether he be called tactful or ready-witted. The buffoon, on the other hand, is the slave of his sense of humour, and spares neither himself not others if he can raise a laugh, and says things none of which a man of refinement would say, and to some of which he would not even listen. The boor, again, is useless for such social intercourse; for he contributes nothing and finds fault with everything. But relaxation and amusement are thought to be a necessary element in life.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1780)

“The function of both the intellectual parts, then, is truth. Therefore the states that are most strictly those in respect of which each of these parts will reach truth are the excellences of the two parts.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1799)

“For all men think that each type of character belongs to its possessors in some sense by nature; for from the very moment of birth we are just or fitted for self-control or brave or have the other normal qualities; but yet we seek something else as that which is good in the strict sense - we seek for the presence of such qualities in another way.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1807)

“Let us now make a fresh beginning and point out that of moral states to be avoided there are three kinds - vice, incontinence, brutishness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1808)

“...for incontinence is not only to be avoided but is also a thing worthy of blame...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1814)

“Further, those who are more given to plotting against others are more unjust. Now a passionate man is not given to plotting, nor is anger itself - it is open...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1816)

“..for wickedness is like a disease such as dropsy or consumption, while incontinence is like epilepsy; the former is a permanent, the latter an intermittent badness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1818) “Now the people who are strong-headed are the opinionated, the ignorant, and the boorish - the opinionated being influenced by pleasure and pain; for they delight in the victory they gain if they are not persuaded to change, and are pained if their decisions become null and void as decrees sometimes do; so that they are more like the incontinent than the continent man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1819)

A temperate man avoids pleasures. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (c) A man of practical wisdom pursues what is free from pain, not what is pleasant. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (d) The pleasures are a hindrance to though to thought, and the more so the more one delights in them, e.g. in sexual pleasure; for no one could think of anything while absorbed in this. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (e) There is no art of pleasure; but every good is the product of some art. Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (f) Children and the brutes pursue pleasures.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1821)

“Further, one kind of good being activity and another being state, the processes that restore us to our natural state are only incidentally pleasant; for that matter the activity at work in the appetites for them is the activity of so much of our state and nature as has remained impaired...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1821)

“Pleasure, then, is necessarily a good. For the answer of Speusippus, that is justas the greater is contrary both to the less and to the equal, is not successful; since he would not say that pleasure is essentially a species of evil.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1823)

“Now there are three grounds on which people love; of the love of lifeless objects we do not use the word ‘friendship’; for it is not mutual love, not is there a wishing of good to the other Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for it would surely be ridiculous to wish wine well; if one wishes anything for it, ti is that it may keep, so that one may have it oneself); but to a friend we say we ought to wish what is good for his sake. But to those who thus wish good we ascribe only goodwill, if the wish is not reciprocated; goodwill when it is reciprocal being friendship.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1826)

“As in regard to the excellences some men are called good in respect of a state, others in respect of an activity, so too in the case of friendship; for those who live together delight in each other and confer benefits on each other, but those who are asleep or locally separated are not performing , but are disposed to perform, the activities of friendship; distance does not break off the friendship absolutely, but only the activity of it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1829)

“out of sight, out of mind.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1829)

“There are three kinds of constitution, and an equal number of deviation-forms-perversion, as it were, of them. The constitution are monarchy, aristocracy, and thirdly that which is based on a property qualification, which it seems appropriate to call timocratic, though most people usually call it polity. The best of these is monarchy, the worst timocracy. The deviation from monarchy is tyranny; for both are forms of one-man rule, but there is the greatest difference between them; the tyrany looks to his own advantage, the king to that of his subjects. For a man is not a king unless he is sufficient to himself and excels his subjects in all good things and such a man needs nothing further; therefore he will not look to his own interests but to those of his subjects; for a king who is not like that would be a mere titular king. Now tyranny is the very contrary of this; the tyranny that it is the worst deviation-form; but it is the contrary of the best that is worst. Monarchy passes over into tyranny; for tyranny is the evil form of one-man rule and the bad king becomes a tyrant. Aristocracy passes over into oligarchy by the badness of the rulers, who distribute contrary to merit what belongs to the city - all or most of the good things to themselves, and office always to the same people, paying most regard to wealth; thus the rulers are few and are bad men instead of the most worthy. Timocracy passes over into democracy; for these are coterminous, since timocracy too tends to involve a mass of people, and all who have the property qualification count as equal. Democracy is the least bad of the deviations; for in its case the form of constitution is but a slight deviation. These then are the changes to which constitution are most subject; for these are the smallest and easiest transitions.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1834)

“One may find resemblances to the constitutions and, as it were, patterns of them even in households. For the association of father with his sons bears the form of monarchy, since the father cares for his children; and this is why Homer calls Zeus ‘father’; it is the ideal of monarchy to be paternal rule. But among the Persians the rule of the father is tyrannical; they use their sons as slaves. Tyrannical too is the rule of a master over slaves; for it is the advantage of the master that is brought about init. Now this seems to be a correct form of government, but the Persian type is perverted; for the modes of rule appropriate to different relations are diverse. The association of man and wife seems to be aristocratic; for the man rules in accordance with merit, and in those matters in which a man should rule, but the matters that befit a woman he hands over to her. If the man rules in everything the relation passes over into oligarchy; for he does this contrary to merit and not qua better. Sometimes, however, women rule, because they are heiresses; so their rule is not in virtue of excellence but due to wealth and power, as in oligarchies. The association of brothers is like timocracy; for they are equal, except in so far as they differ in age; hence if they differ much in age, the friendship is no longer of the fraternal type. Democracy is found chiefly in masterless dwellings Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for here every one is on an equality), and in those in which the rule is weak and every one has license to do as he pleases.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1834)

“...as justice exists, so too does friendship. It exists least in the worst form;in tyranny there is little or no friendship.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1835)

“In all friendships between dissimilars it is, as we have said, proportion that equalizes the parties and preserves the friendship...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1839)

“Another question that arises is whether friendships should or should not be broken off when the other party does not remain the same. Perhaps we may say that there is nothing strange in breaking off a friendship based on utility or pleasure, when our friends no longer have these attributes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1842)

“If they are capable of being reformed one should rather come to the assistance of their character or their property, inasmuch as this is better and more characteristic of friendship. But a man who breaks off such a friendship would seem to be doing nothing strange; for it was not a man of this sort that he was a friend; when his friend was changed, therefore, and he is unable to save him, he gives him up.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1842)

“Goodwill seems, then, to be a beginning of friendship, as the pleasure of the eye is the beginning of love. For no one loves if he has not first been delighted by the form of the beloved, but he who delights in the form of another does not...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1844)

“What is pleasant is the activity of the present, the hope of the future, the memory of the past; but most pleasant is that which depends on activity, and similarly this is most lovable. Now for a man who has made something his work remains Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for the noble is lasting), but for the person acted on the utility passes away. And the memory of noble things is pleasant, but that of useful things is not likely to be pleasant, or is less so; though the reverse seems true of expectation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1846)

“Therefore the good man should be a lover of self Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for he will both himself profit by doing noble acts, and will benefit his fellows), but the wicked man should not; for he will hurt both himself and his neighbours, following as he does evil passions.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1847)

“Presumably, then, it is well not to seek to have as many friends as possible, but as many as are enough for the purpose of living together; for it would seem actually impossible to be a great friend to many people. This is why one cannot love several people; love tends to be a sort of excess of friendship, and that can only be felt towards one person; therefore great friendship too can only be felt towards a few people.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1851)

“If we survey them species by species, too, this will be evident; horse, dog, and man have different pleasures, as Heraclitus says ‘asses would prefer sweepings to gold’; for food is pleasanter than gold to asses.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1859)

“...it is the most continuous, since we can contemplate truth more continuously than we can do anything. And we think happiness the pleasure mingled with it, but the activity of wisdom is admittedly the pleasantest of excellent activities...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1860-1861)

“Now some think that we are made good by nature, others by habituation, others by teaching. Nature’s part evidently does not depend on us, but as a result of some divine causes a present in those who are truly fortunate; while argument and teaching, we may suspect, are not powerful with all men, but the soul of the student must first have been cultivated by means of habits for noble joy and noble hatred, like earth which is to nourish the seed.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1864)

“A good man Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (they think), since he lives with his mind fixed on what is noble, will submit to argument, while a bad man, whose desire is for pleasure, is corrected by pain like a beast of burden. This is, too, why they say the pains inflicted should be those that are most opposed to the pleasures such men love.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1865)

“For to get anyone whatever - anyone who is put before us - into the right condition is not for the first chance corner; if anyone can do it, it is the man who knows, just as in medicines and all other matters which give scope for care and practical wisdom.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1866)

“The result is that in making the excellences sciences he is doing away with the irrational part of the soul...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1868)

“Since then in every capacity the end is good, it is plain that the end of the best will be the best good. But statecraft is the best capacity, so that the end of this will be the good. It is about good, then, as it seems, that we must speak, and about good not without qualification, but relatively to ourselves. For we have not to do with the good of the Gods. To speak about that is a different matter, and the inquiry is foreign to our present purpose. It is therefore about the good of the state that we must speak.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1869)

“...for time is common to all the arts.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1870)

“For some fortune comes wealth, and also office, and generally all the things which rank as capacities.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1871)

“The next point is how we are to look for the best good. Is it itself to be reckoned in with other goods? Surely that is absurd. For the best is the complete end, and the complete end, roughly speaking, would seem to be nothing else than happiness, and happiness we regard as made up of many goods; so that if, in looking for the best, you reckon in itself also, it will be better than itself, because it is itself the best thing. For instance, take the means to health, and health, and raise the question which is the best of all these.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1872)

“Now we come to happiness, which we all declare to be, and which seems in fact to be, the end of goods and the most complete thing, and this we maintain to be identical with doing well and living well. But the end is not single but twofold. For the end of some things is the activity and use itself - for instance, of sight; and the using is more desirable than the having; for the using is the end.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1872)

“After this, then, we see that it is by nothing else than soul that we live. Excellence is in the soul. We maintain that the soul and the excellence of the soul do the same thing.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1873)

“It is therefore owing to the excellence of the soul that we shall live well. But to live well and do so well, we say, is nothing else than being happy. Being happy, then, and happiness, consist in living well, and living well is living in accordance with the excellences. This, then, is the end and happiness and the best thing. Happiness therefore will consist in a kind of use and activity. For we found that where there was having and using, the use and exercise are the end. Now excellence is a habit of the soul. And there is such a thing as the exercise and use of it; so that the end will be its activity and use. Happiness therefore will consist in living in accordance with the excellences. Since then the best good is happiness, and this is the end, and the complete end is an activity, it follows that it is by living in accordance with the excellences that we shall be happy and shall have the best good.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1873)

“Since, then, happiness is a complete good and end, we must not fail to observe that it will be found in that which is complete. For it will not be found in a child Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for a child is not happy), but in a man; for he is complete. Nor will it be found in an incomplete, but in a complete, period. And a complete period of time will be as long as a man lives. For it is rightly said among the many that one ought to judge of the happy man in the longest time of his life, on the assumption that what is complete ought to be in a complete period and a complete person. But that it is an activity can be seen also from the following consideration. For supposing some one to be asleep all his life, we should hardly consent to call such a man happy. Life indeed he was, but life in accordance with the excellences he was not, and it was in this at we made the activity to consist.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1873)

“What prompts us to action is desire; and desire has three forms - appetite, passion, wish.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1878)

“Why so? And on what ground? Because wherever we do not act voluntarily, we act under compulsion, and all acts done under compulsion are attended with pain, whereas acts due to appetite are attended with pleasure, so that on this way of looking at the matter acts due to appetite will not be involuntary, but voluntary.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1878)

“But the incontinent is blameworthy. Therefore he is a voluntary agent. Therefore wish is voluntary.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1879)

“”For if one were to say ‘I was necessitated by pleasure to debauch my friend’s wife’, he would be a strange person.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1879)

“Since, then, choice is a deliberate desire attended with thought, the voluntary is not necessarily done by choice. For there are many acts which we do voluntarily before thinking and deliberating about them; for instance, we sit down and stand up, and do many other things of the same sort voluntarily but without having thought about them, whereas every act done by choice was found to be attended with thought. The voluntary, therefore, is not necessarily done by choice, but the act done by choice is voluntarily. And a few legislators, even, appear to distinguish the voluntary act from the act done by choice as being something different, in making the penalties that they appoint for voluntary acts less than for those that are done by choice.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1881)

“Now the end of excellence is the right. This, then, is what excellence aims at rather than things form which it will be produced.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1882)

“For knowledge becomes knowledge by getting experience from custom. But of those whose endurance is due to experience we do not say, nor would men in general say, that they are brave. Courage, therefore, will not consist in knowledge.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1883)

“For evil is multiform, but good uniform; for instance, health is single, but disease has many shapes. In the same way excellence is single, but vice has many shapes. For all these characters are blameworthy in relation to property.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1885)

“Since, then, the just is equal, the proportionally equal will be just. Now proportion implies four terms at least; for as A is to B, C is to D. For instance, ti is proportional that he who has much should contribute much, and that he who has little should contribute little; again, in the same way, that he who has worked much should receive much.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1888)

“Those who are drunk and have done something bad commit injustice. For they are themselves the causes of their ignorance. For they need not have drunk so much as not to know that they were beating their father. SImilarly with the other sorts of ignorance which are due to men themselves, the people who commit injustice form them are unjust. But where they are not themselves the causes, but their ignorance is the cause of their doing what they do, they are not unjust. This sort of ignorance is that which comes form nature; for instance, children strike their parents in ignorance, but the ignorance which is in them, being due to nature, does not make the children...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1891)

“If therefore a man does injustice to himself, it is possible for the same man at the same time to have more and less. But this is impossible. it is not therefore possible for a man to be unjust to himself.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1892)

“Again, he who does injustice does it involuntarily, and he who suffers it suffers it involuntarily, so that, if it is possible for a man to be unjust to himself, it would be possible at the same time to do something involuntarily and voluntarily. But this is impossible. So in this way also it is not possible for a man to be unjust to himself.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1892)

“Are wisdom and philosophy the same thing? Sure not! For philosophy has to do with things that can be demonstrated and are eternally the same, but wisdom has not to do with these, but with things that undergo change. I mean, for instance, straight or crooked or convex and the like are always what they are, but things expedient do not follow this analogy, so as never to change into anything else...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1894)

“Is philosophy an excellence or not? It can become plain to us that it is an excellence by merely looking at wisdom. For if wisdom is, as we maintain, the excellence of one of the two rational parts, and wisdom is inferior to philosophy Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for its objects are inferior; for philosophy has to do with the eternal and the divine, as we maintain, but wisdom with what is expedient for man), if, then, the inferior thing is an excellence, it is reasonable that the better should be an excellence, so that it is evident that philosophy is an excellence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1894)

“For if justice and courage and the rest of the excellences, because they lead to the doing of right, are also praiseworthy, it is evident that wisdom will also be among the things that are praiseworthy and that rank as excellence. For wisdom also has an impulse towards those acts which courage has an impulse to do. For, speaking generally, courage acts as wisdom ordains, so that if it is itself praiseworthy for doing what wisdom ordains, wisdom will be in a complete degree both praiseworthy and as excellence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1896)

“But this is just the business of wisdom, so that wisdom does not attend upon the unjust man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1898)

“One would not say of fortune that it is nature. For what nature is the cause of, that she produces for the most part or without exception, but this is never the case with fortune - her effects are disorderly and as it may chance; this is why we speak of change in the case of such things.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1910)

“Good fortune, then, is nature without reason. For the fortunate man is he who apart from reason has an impulse to good things and obtains these, and this comes from nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1910)

“Since, then, happiness cannot exist apart form external goods, and these result from good fortune, as we said just now, ti follows that it will work along with happiness. So much then about good fortune.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1911)

“It is the opposite, they say, that loves to be friends with the opposite; for among the like there is no room for friendship. For the like, they say, has no need of the like, and more to the same effect.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1913)

“There is also a friendship in equality...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1917)

“...but goodwill would seem to be sometimes the beginning of friendship, and goodwill may become friendship if, where one has the power to do good, there be added the wish to do it for the same of the person towards whom the goodwill is felt.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1918)

“Unanimity, then, is found in matters of action coupled with the wish for the same thing.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1919)

“But it is true that all feel an impulse towards things that are good, and think that they themselves ought to have these in the highest degree.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1919)

“Most beautiful is what is most just, but best is health, and pleasantest the obtaining of what one desires.” Delos Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1922)

“But there are also three goods directed to a happy employment of life, those which we have above called the three greatest of human goods, excellence, wisdom, and pleasure. We thus see that there are three lives which all those choose who have power, viz. the lives of the political man, the philosophy, the voluptuary; for of these the philosophy intends to occupy himself with wisdom and contemplation of truth, the political man with noble acts Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (i.e. those springing from excellence), the voluptuary with bodily pleasures. Therefore each calls a different person happy, as was needed said before.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1924)

“Shamelessness - shyness - modesty.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1933)

“Further, all wickedness makes one more unjust, and incontinence seems to be wickedness, the incontinent being the sort of man that acts in accordance with his appetite and contrary to his reason, and shows his incontinence when he acts in accordance with his appetite...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1937)

“And similarly no art asks questions about the end...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1944)

“One must then make trial, as Theognis says, “You cannot know the mind of man or woman till you have tried them as you might cattle’. Nor is a friend made except through time; they do indeed wish to be friends, and such a “state easily passes muster as friendship. For when men are eager to be friends, by performing every friendly service to one another they think they not merely wish to be, but are friends. But it happens with friendship as with other things; as man is not in health merely because he wishes to be so, neither are men at once friends as soon as they wish to be friends.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1960-1961)

“Some then, owing to inferiority in age, do not deserve to receive an equal love, and others because of excellence or birth or some other such superiority possessed by the other person. The superior ought to claim either not to return the love or not to return it in the same measure, whether in the friendship of utility, pleasure, or excellence. Where the superiority is small, disputes naturally arise...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1963)

“It is clear then that men are friends when on an equality with each other, but we may have return of love without their being friends.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1963)

“The ambitious are especially of this kind; for to be an object of admiration involves superiority.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1963)

“But opposites are friendly through usefulness; for the like is useless to itself; therefore master needs slave, and slave master; man and woman need one another, and the opposite is pleasant and desired qua useful, not as included in the end but as contributing towards it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1964)

“The question whether a man is a friend to himself or not requires much inquiry. For some think that every man is above all a friend to himself; and they use this friendship as a canon to by which to test his friendship to all other friends.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1965)

“Now constitutions are all of them a particular form of justice; for a constitution is a partnership, and every partnership rests on justice, so that whatever be the number of species of friendship, there are the same of justice and partnership; these all border on one another, and the species of one have differences akin to those of the other. But since there is the same relation between soul and body, artisan and tool, and master and slave, between each of these pairs is no partnership; for they are not two, but the first term in each is on, and the second a part of this one. Nor is the good to be divided between the two, but that of both belongs to the one for the sake of which the pair...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1966)

“Now constitutions are all of them a particular form of justice; for a constitution is a partnership, and every partnership rests on justice, so that whatever be the numbe rof species of friendship, there are the same of justice and partnership; these all border on one another, and the species of one have differences akin to those of the other. But since there is the same relation between soul and body, artisan and tool, and master and slave, between each of these pairs there is no partnership; for they are not two, but the first term in each is one, and the second a part of this one. Nor is the good to be divided between the two...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1967)

“For the same thing is not just for the superior and the inferior; what is proportional is just. Such is the friendship between father and child; and the same sort of thing may be seen in partnerships.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1968)

“...the household is a kind of friendship; the relation, indeed, of master and servant is that of an art and its tools, a soul and its body; and these are not friendships, not forms of justice, but something similar to injustice; just as health is not justice, but something similar.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1969)

“But civic friendship is that resting on equality; it is based on utility; and just as cities are friends to one another, so in the like way are citizens. ‘The Athenians no longer know the Megarians’; nor do citizens one another, when they are no longer useful to one another, and the friendship is merely a temporary one for a particular exchange of goods.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1969)

“Civil friendship looks to equality and to the object as sellers and buyers do; hence the proverb’s fixed wage for a friend’. When, then, this civic friendship proceeds by contract, it is of the legal kind; but when each of the two parties leaves the return for his services to be fixed by the other, we have the moral friendship, that of comrades.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1969)

“...for friendships based on utility and based on excellence are different; but these wish to have both together, associating together really for the sake of utility, but representing their friendship as moral, like that of good men; pretending to trust one another they make out their friendship to be not merely legal.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1970)

“For the superior friend and benefactor wishes the existence of that which he has made, and to him who has given one existence one ought to give it in return, but not necessarily one’s society; that gift is for the pleasant friend.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1972)

“This is most plain in the case of a god; for it is clear that, needing nothing, he will not need a friend, not have one, supposing that he does not need one. So that the happiest man will least need a friend, and only as far as it is impossible for him to be independent. Therefore the man who lives the best life must have fewest friends, and they must always be becoming fewer, and he must show no eagerness for men to become his friends, but despise not merely the useful but even men desirable for society. But surely this makes it all the clearer that the friend is not for use or help, but that the friend through excellence is the only friend. FOr when we need nothing, thne we all seek others to share our enjoyment, those whom we may benefit rather than those who will benefit us. And we judge better when independent than when in want, and most of all we have not been partially right, and partially missed the truth owing to our illustration. It will be clear if we ascertain what is life in its active sense and as end. Clearly, it is perception, it is perception and knowledge, and therefore life in society is perception and knowledge in common.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1973)

“...according to the way in which the object which he perceives; and the knower becomes known in the same way - therefore it is for this reason that one always desires to live, because one always desires to know; and this is because he himself wishes to be the object known. The choice is to live with others might seem, from a certain point of view, silly - Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (first, in the case of things common also to the other animals, e.g. eating together, drinking together; for what is the difference between doing these things in the neighbourhood of others or apart form them, if you take away speech? But even to share in speech of a casual kind does not make the case different. Further, for friends who are self-dependent neither teaching nor learning is possible; for it one learns, he is not as he should be...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1973)

“And the first must be present too; whence the proverb, ‘distant friends are a burden’, so that men must not be at a distance from one another when there is friendship between them. Hence sensuous love seems like friendship; for the lover aims at the society of his beloved, but not as ideally he ought, but in a merely sensuous way.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1974)

“We must see the truth from what follows: a friend wants to be, in the words of the proverb, ‘another Heracles’, a ‘second self’; but he is severed from his friend, and it is hard to find in two people the characteristics of a single individual. But though a friend is by nature what is most akin to his friend, one man is like another in body, and another like him in soul, and one like him in one part of the body or soul, and another like him in another. But none the less does a friend wish to be as it were a separate self. Therefore, to perceive a friend must be in a way to perceive one’s self and to know a friend to know one’s self. So that even the vulgar forms of pleasure and life in the society of a friend are naturally pleasant Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for perception of the friend always takes place at the same time), but still more the communion in the diviner pleasures. And the reason is, that it is always pleasanter to see one’s self enjoying the superior good. And this is sometimes a passion, himself to live well and also his friend, and in their common life to engage in mutually helpful activity, their partnership surely would be above all in things included in the end. Therefore, men should contemplate in common, only not on the pleasures of food or not on the pleasures of food or on necessary pleasures; such society does not seem to be true society, but sensuous enjoyment. But the end which each can attain is that in which he desires the society of another; if that is not possible, men desire to benefit and be benefited by friends in preference to other. Thus it is clear that friends ought to live together, that all wish this above all things, and that the happiest and best man tends especially to do so. But that the contrary appeared as the conclusion of the argument was also reasonable, since the argument said what was true. For it is because of the comparison of the two cases that the solution is not found, the case compared being in itself truly enough stated. For because a god is not such as to need a friend, we claim the same of the man who resembles a god. But by this reasoning the virtuous man will not even think; for the perfection of a god is not in this, but in being superior to thinking of anything beside himself. The reason is, that with us welfare involves a something beyond us, but the deity is his own well-being.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1974)

“Thought, then, is not the starting point of thinking nor deliberation of deliberation. What, then, can be the starting-point except chance?” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1979)

“The object of our search is this - what is the commencement of movement in the soul? The answer is clear: as in the universe, so in the soul, it is god.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1979)

“The noble is the object of praise, the base of blame; at the head of what is noble stand the excellences, at the head of what is base the vices; the excellences, then, are objects of praise, but so also are the causes of excellences and their accompaniments of results, the opposition are objects of blame.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1982)

“If in agreement with Plato we take the soul to have three parts, then wisdom is the excellence of the rational, gentleness and bravery of the passionate, temperance and continence of the appetitive; and of the soul as a whole, justice, liberality, and magnanimity. Folly is the vice of the rational, irascibility and cowardice of the passionate, intemperance of the appetitive; and of the soul as a whole, injustice, illiberality, and small-mindedness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1982)

“Wisdom is an excellence of rational part capable of procuring all that tends to happiness. Gentleness is an excellence of the passionate part, through which men become difficult to stir anger. Bravery is an excellence of the passionate part, through which men are difficult to scare by apprehension of death. Temperance is an excellence of the appetitive part, by which men cease to desire bad sensual pleasures. Continence is an excellence of the appetitive part, by which men check by thinking the appetite that rushes to bad pleasures. Justice is an excellence of the soul that distributes to each according to his desert. Liberality is an excellence of the soul ready to spend on noble objects. Magnanimity is an excellence of the soul, by which men are able to bear good and bad fortune, honour and dishonour.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1982)

“Folly is a vice of the rational part, causing evil living. Irascibility is a vice of the passionate part, through which men are easily stirred to anger. Cowardice is a vice of the passionate part, through which men are scared by apprehensions, especially such as relate to death. Intemperance is a vice of the appetitive part, by which men become desirous of bad sensual pleasures. Incontinence is a vice of the appetitive part, through which one chooses bad pleasures, though reason opposes this. Injustice is a vice of the soul, through which men become covetous of more than they deserve. Illiberality is a vice of the soul, through which men aim at gain from every source. Small-mindedness is a vice of the soul, which makes men unable to bear alike good and bad fortune, alike honour and dishonor.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1983)

“Of injustice there are three species - impeity, greed, outrage. Impiety is wrong-doing towards gods, deified spirits, the departed, one’s parents, and one’s country. Greed is wrong-doing in regard to agreements, claiming a share of the object in dispute beyond one’s deserts. Outrage occurs when in providing pleasure for oneself one brings shame on others, whence Evenus says of it: “That which while gaining nothing still wrongs another’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1984)

“The accompaniments of injustice are quibbling, boasting, unsociability, pretence, malignity, unscrupulousness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1985) “It belongs to illiberality to value money above everything, and to think so reproach can ever attach to what yields a profit. The life of the illiberal man is servile, suited to a slave, and sordid, remote from ambition and liberality. The accompaniments of illiberality are pettiness, sullenness, small-mindedness, self-humiliation, lack of measure, ignobility, misanthropy.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1985)

“It belongs to small-mindedness to be able to bear neither honour nor dishonour, neither good nor ill fortune, but to grow braggart when honoured, to be elated at small prosperities, to be unable to bear even the smallest deprivation of honour, to regard any ill-success whatever as a great misfortune, to complain and to be impatient over everything. Further, the small-minded man is such as to call every slight an outrage and a dishonour, even such as are inflicted through ignorance or forgetfulness. The accompaniments of small-mindedness are pettiness, grumbling, hopefulness, self-humiliation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1985)

“Every state is a community of some kind, and every community is established with a view to some good; for everyone always acts in order to obtain that which they think good. But, if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which embraces all the rest, aims at good in a greater degree than any other, and at the highest good.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1986)

“The family is the association established by nature for the supply of men’s everyday wants, and the members of it are called by Charondas, ‘companions of the cupboard’, and by Epimenides the Cretan, ‘companions of the manger’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1987)

“Hence it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal. And he who by nature and not by mere accident is without a state, is either a bad man or above humanity; he is like the tribeless, lawless, hearth=less one, whom Homer denounces - the natural outcast is forthwith a lover of war; he may be compared to an isolated piece of draughts.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1987-1988)

“For man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all; since armed injustice is the more dangerous, and he is equipped at birth with arms, meant to be used by intelligence and excellence, which he may use for the worst ends. That is why, if he has not excellence, he is the most unholy and the most savage of animals, and the most full of lust and gluttony. But justice is the bond of men in states; for the administration of justice, which is the determination of what is just, is the principle of order in political society.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1988)

“Let us first speak of master and slave, looking to the needs of practical life and also seeking to attain some better theory of their relation than exists at present. For some are of the opinion that the rule of a master isa science, and that the management of a household, and the mastering of slaves, and the political and royal rule, as I was saying at the outset, are all the same. Others affirm that the rule of a master over slaves is contrary to nature, and that the distinction between slave and freeman exists by convention only, and not by nature; and being an interference with nature is therefore unjust.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1989)

“Hence we see what is the nature and office of a slave; he who is by nature not his own but another’s man, is by nature a slave; and he may be said to be another’s man who, being a slave, is also a possession. And a possession may be defined as an instrument of action, separable from the possessor.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1989)

“For that some should rule and others be ruled is a think not only necessary, but expedient; from the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1990)

“Again, the male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules, and the other is ruled; this principle, of necessity, extends to all mankind.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1990)

“The rule of a household is a monarchy, for every house is under one head: whereas constitutional rule is a government of freeman and equals. The master is not called a master because he has science, but because he is of a certain character, and the same remark applies to the slave and the freeman.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1992)

“The origin of this disposition in men is that they are intent upon living only, and not upon living well; and, as their desires are unlimited, they also desire that the means of gratifying them should be without limit.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1996)

“All classes must be deemed to have their special attributes, as the poet says of women. SIlence is a woman’s glory, but this is not equally the glory of man.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2000)

“Since the nature of a state is to be a plurality, and in tending to greater unity, from being a state, it becomes a family, and from being a family, an individual; for the family may be said to be more one than the state, and the individual than the family.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2001)

“And further, there is the greatest pleasure in doing kindness or service to friends or guests or companions, which can only be rendered when a man has private property. These advantages are lost by excessive unification of the state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2005)

“The state, as I was saying, is a plurality, which should be united and made into a community by education; and it is strange that the author of a system of education which he thinks will make the state virtuous, should expect to improve his citizens by regulations of this sort, and not by philosophy or by customs and laws, like those which prevail at Sparta and Crete respecting common meals, whereby the legislator has made property common.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2005)

“Further, if he prescribe this moderate amount equally to all, he will be no nearer the mark; for it is not the possessions but the desires of mankind which require to be equalized, and this is impossible, unless a sufficient education is produced by the laws.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2010)

“For the common people quarrel about the inequality of property, the higher class about the equality of honour; as the poet says.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2010)

“The fact is, that the greatest crimes are caused by excess and not by necessity.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2010)

“The equalization property is one of the things that tend to prevent the citizens from quarreling.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2011)

“Again, the license of the Lacedaemonian women defeats the intention of the Spartan constitution, and is adverse to the happiness of the state. For, a husband and a wife being each a part of every family, the state may be considered as about equally divided into men and women; and, therefore, in those states in which the condition of the women is bad, half the city may be regarded as having no laws. And this is what has actually happened at Sparta; the legislator wanted to make the whole state hardy, and he was carried out his intention in the case of the men, but he has neglected the women, who live in every sort of intemperance and luxury. The citizens fall under the dominion of their wives, after the manner of most warlike races, except the Celts and a few others who openly approve of male homosexuality.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2015)

“It has been well said that he who has never learned to obey cannot be a good commander.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2027)

“Of the above-mentioned forms, the perversions are as follows: - of kingship, tyranny; of aristocracy, oligarchy; of constitutional government, democracy. For tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy; none of them the common good of all.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2030)

“Tyranny, as I was saying, is monarchy exercising the rule of a master over the political society; oligarchy is when men of property have the government in their hands; democracy, the opposite, when the indigent, and not the men of property, are the rulers. And here arises the first of our difficulties, and it relates to the distinction just drawn. For democracy is said to be the government of the many.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2030)

“All men think justice ot be a sort of inequality; and to a certain extent they agree with what we have said in our philosophical works about ethics. For they say that what is just is just for someone and that it should be equal for equals. But there still remains a question: equality or inequality of what? Here is a difficulty which calls for political speculation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2035)

“And for this reason democratic states have instituted ostracism; equality is above all things their aim, and therefore they ostracized and banished form the city for a time those who seemed to predominate too much through their wealth, or the number of their friends, or through their wealth, or the number of their friends, or through any other political influence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2038)

“For foreigners, being more servile in character than Hellenes, and Asiatics than Europeans, do not rebel against a despotic government. “ Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2039)

“A people who are by nature capable of producing a race superior in the excellence needed for political rule are fitted for kingly government; and a people submitting to be ruled as freeman by men whose excellence renders them capable of political command are adapted for an aristocracy; while the people who are suited for constitutional freedom are those among whom there naturally exists a warlike multitude. In the former case the multitude is capable of being ruled by men whose excellence is appropriate to political command; in the latter case the multitude is able to rule and to obey in turn by a law which gives office to the well-to-do according to their desert.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2044)

“It is obvious which of the three perversions is the worst, and which is the next in badness. That which is the perversion of the first and most divine is necessarily the worst. And just as a royal rule, if not a mere name, must exist by virtue of some great personal superiority in the king, so tyranny, which is the worst of governments, is necessarily the farthest removed from a well-constituted form; oligarchy is little better, for it is a long way from aristocracy, and democracy is the most tolerable of the three.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2046)

“Of forms of democracy first comes that which is said to be based strictly on equality. In such a democracy the law says that it is just for the poor to have no more advantage that the rich; and that neither should be masters, but both equal. For if liberty and equality, as is thought by some, are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be best attained when all persons alike share in the government to the utmost. And since the people are the majority, and the opinion of the majority is decisive, such a government must necessarily be a democracy. Here this is one sort of democracy. There is another, in which the magistrates are elected according to a certain property has a share in the government, but he who loses his property loses his rights. Another kind is that in which all the citizens who are under the disqualification share in the government, but still the law is supreme. In another, everybody, if he be only a citizen, is admitted to the government,but the law is supreme as before. A fifth form of democracy, in other respects the same, is that in which not the law, but the multitude, have the supreme power,and supresede the law by their decrees. This is a state of affairs brought about by the demagogues. For in democracies which are subject to the law the best citizens hold the first place, and there are no demagogues; but where the laws are not supreme, there demagogues spring up. For the people becomes a monarch, and is many in one; and the many have the power in their hand, not as individuals, but collectively. Homer says that ‘it is not good to have a rule of many’, but whether he means this corporate rule, or the rule of many individuals, is uncertain. At all events this sort of democracy, which is now a monarchy, and no longer the control of law, seeks to exercise monarchical sway, and grows into a despot; the flatter is held in honour; this sort of democracy...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2050)

“Of oligarchies, too, there are different kinds;one where the property qualification for office is such that the poor, although they form the majority, have no share in the government, yet he who acquires a qualification may obtain a share. Another sort is when there is a qualification for office, but a high one, and the vacancies in the governing body are filled by co-optation. If the election is made out of all the qualified persons, a constitution of this kind inclines to an aristocracy, if out of a privileged class, to an oligarchy. Another sort of oligarchy is when the son succeeds the father. There is a fourth form, likewise hereditary, in which the magistrates are supreme and not the law. Among oligarchies this is what tyranny is among monarchies, and the last-mentioned forms of democracy among democracies; and in fact this sort of oligarchy receives the name of a dynasty.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2051)

“Democracy, for example, arises out of the notion that those who are equal in any respect are equal in all respects; because men are equally free, they claim to be absolutely equal. Oligarchy is based on the notion that those who are unequal in one respect are in all respects unequal; being unequal, that is, in property, they suppose themselves to be unequal absolutely. The democratic think that as they are equal they ought to be equal in all things; while the oligarchs, under the idea that they are unequal, claim too much, which is one form of inequality. All these forms of government have a kind of justice, but, tried by an absolute standard, they are faulty; and, therefore, both parties, whenever their share in the government does not accord with their preconceived ideas, stir up revolution.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2066)

“Everywhere inequality is a cause of revolution, but an inequality in which there is no proportion - for instance, a perpetual monarchy among equals; and always it is the desire for equality which rises in rebellion.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2067)

“Inferiors revolt in order that they may be equal, and equals that they may be superior. Such is the state of mind which creates revolution. The motives for making them are the desire for gain and honour, or the fear of dishonour and loss, the authors of them wand to divert punishment or dishonour from themselves or their friends, the causes and reasons of revolutions, whereby men are themselves affected in the way described, and about the things which I have mentioned, viewed in one way be regarded as seven, and in another as more than seven. Two fo them have been already noticed; but they act in a different manner, for men are excited against one another by the love of gain and honour - not, as in the case which I have just supposed, in order to obtain them for themselves, cut at seeing others, justly or unjustly, monopolising them. Other causes are insolence, fear, excessive predominance, contempt, disproportionate increase in some part of the state, causes of another sort are election intrigues, careless, neglect about trifles, dissimilarity of elements.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2068)

“It is evident, again, what an influence honour exerts and how it is a cause of revolution. Men who are themselves dishonoured and who see others obtaining honours rise in rebellion; the honour or dishonour when undeserved is unjust; and just when awarded according to merit. Again, superiority is a cause of revolution when one or more persons have a power which is too much for the state and the power of the government; this is a condition of affairs out of which there tends to arise a monarchy, or a family oligarchy. And therefore, in some places, as at Athens and Argos, they have recourse to ostracism. But how much better to provide from the first that there should be no such pre-eminent individuals instead of letting them come into existence and then finding a remedy.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2068)

“Another cause of revolution is fear. Either men have committed wrong, and are afraid of punishment, or they are expecting to suffer wrong and are desirous of anticipating their enemy. Thus at Rhodes the notables conspired against the poepl through feat of the suits that were brought against them. Contempt is also a cause of insurrection and revolution; for example, in oligarchies - when those who have no share in the state are the majority, they revolt, because they think that they are the stronger. Or, again, in democracies, the rich despise the disorder and anarchy of the state; at Thebes, for example, where, after the battle of Oenophyta, the bad administration of the democracy led to its ruin. At Megara the fall of the democracy was due to a defeat occasioned by disorder and anarchy. And at Syracuse the democracy aroused contempt before the tyranny of Gelo arose; at Rhodes, before the insurrection.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2068)

“They then drew the members of the ruling class into their quarrel and so split all the people into portions. We learn form this story that we should be on our guard against the beginnings of such evils, and should put an end to the quarrels of chiefs and mighty men. The mistake lies in the beginning - as the proverb says - ‘Well begun is half done’; so an error at the beginning, though quite small, bears the same ratio to the errors in the other parts. In general, when the notables quarrel, the whole city is involved, as happened in Hestiaea after the Persian War. The occasion was the division of an inheritance, one of two brothers refused to give an account of their father’s property and the treasure which he had found: so the poorer of the two quarreled with him and enlisted in his cause the popular party, the other, who was very rich, the wealthy classes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2070)

“Revolutions are effected in two ways, by force and by fraud. Force may be applied either at the time of making the revolutions or afterwards. Fraud, again, is of two kinds; for sometimes the citizens are deceived into acquiescing in a change of government, and afterwards they are held in subjection against their will. This was what happened in the case of the Four Hundred, who deceived the people by telling them that the king would provide money for the war against the Lacedaemonians, and, having cheated the people, still endeavoured to retain the government. In other cases the people are persuaded at first, and afterwards, by a repetition of the persuasion, their goodwill and allegiance are retained. The revolutions which affect constitutions generally spring from the above-mentioned causes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2071)

“Revolutions in democracies are generally caused by the intemperance of demagogues, who either in their private capacity lay information against rich men until they compel them to combine (for a common danger unites even the bitterest enemies), or coming forward in public stir up the people against them. The truth of this remark is proved by a variety of examples.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2071)

“Oligarchy is liable to revolutions alike in war and in peace; in war because, not being able to trust the people, the oligarchs are compelled to hire mercenaries, and the general who is in command of them often ends in becoming a tyrant, as Timophanes did at Corinth; or if there are more generals than one they make themselves into a hunta. Sometimes the oligarchs, fearing this danger, give the people a share in the government because their services are necessary to them.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2074)

“We must remark generally, both of democracies and oligarchies, that they sometimes change, not into the opposite forms of government, but only into another variety of the same class; I mean to say, from those forms of democracy and oligarchy which are regulated by law into those which are arbitrary, and conversely.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2074)

“In aristocracies revolutions are stirred up when a few only share in the honours of the state; a cause which has been already shown to affect the oligarchies; for an aristocracy is a sort of oligarchy, and, like the oligarchy, is the government of a few, although few not for the same reason; hence the two are often confused.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2075)

“Again, revolutions occur when great men who are at least of equal excellence are denied honours by those higher in office, as Lysander was by the kings of Sparta; or, when a brave man is excluded from the honours of the state, like Cinadon, who conspired against the Spartans in the reign of Agesilaus’ or again, when some are very poor and others very rich...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2075)

“Again, revolutions arise when an individual who is great, and might be greater, wants to rule alone, as, at Lacedaemon, Pausanias, who was general in the Persian War, or like Hanno at Carthage.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2075)

“Constitutional governments and aristocracies are commonly overthrown owing to some deviation from justice in the justice in the constitution itself; the cause of the downfall is, in the former, the ill-mingling of the two elements democracy and oligarchy; in the latter, of the three elements, democracy, oligarchy, and excellence, but especially democracy and oligarchy. For to combine these to endeavour of constitutional governments; and most of the so-called aristocracies have a like aim, but differ from polities in the mode of combination; hence some of them are more and some less permanent. Those who incline more to oligarchy are called aristocracies, and those which incline to democracy constitutional governments.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2075)

“The only stable principle of government is equality according to merit, and for every man to enjoy his own.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2075)

“Again, since all aristocratic government incline to oligarchy, the notables are apt to be grasping; thus at Lacedaemon, where property tends to pass into few hands, the notables can do too much as they like, and are allowed to marry whom they please. The city of Locri was ruined by a marriage connexion with Dionysius, but such a thing could never have happened in a democracy, or in a well-balanced aristocracy.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2076)

“I have already remarked that in all states revolutions are occasioned by trifles. In aristocracies, above all, they are of a gradual and imperceptible nature. The citizens begin by giving up some part of the constitution, and so with greater ease the government change something else which is a little more important, until they have undermined the whole fabric of the state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2076)

“All constitutions are overthrown either from within or from without; the latter, when there is some government close at hand having an opposite interest, or at a distance, but powerful.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2076)

“In all well-balanced governments there is nothing which should be more jealously maintained than the spirit of obedience to law, more especially in small matters...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2076)

“Constitutions are preserved when their destroyers are at a distance, and sometimes also because they are near, for the fear of them makes the government keep in hand the constitution.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2077)

He should endeavour too by help of the laws to control the contentions and quarrels of the notables, and to prevent those who have not hitherto taken part in them from catching the spirit of contention. No ordinary man can discern the beginning of evil, but only the true statesman.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2077)

“Another way is to combine the poor and the rich in one body, or to increase the middle class; thus an end will be put to the revolutions which arise form inequality.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2078)

“If equality of property is introduced, the state must of necessity take another form; for when the laws carried to excess one or other element in the state is ruined, the constitution is ruined.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2080)

“History shows that almost all tyrants have been demagogues who gained the favour of the people by their accusation of the notables.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2081)

“Again, tyrannies are destroyed from within, when the reigning family are divided among themselves, as that of Gelo was, and more recently that of Dionysius...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2083)

“There are two chief motives which induce men to attack tyrannies - hatred and contempt. Hatred of tyrants is inevitable, and contempt is also a frequent came of their destruction. Thus we see that most of those who have acquired, have retained their power, but those who have inherited, have lost it, almost at once...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2084)

“Kingly rule is little affected by external causes, and is therefore lasting; it is generally destroyed from within. And there are two ways in which the destruction may come about; when the members of the royal family quarrel among themselves, and when the kings attempt to administer the state too much after the fashion of a tyranny, and to extend their authority contrary to the law.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2084)

“And they are preserved, to speak generally, by the opposite causes; or, if we consider them separately, royalty is preserved by the limitation of its powers.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2084)

“Another art of the tyrant is to sow quarrels among the citizens; friends should be embroiled with friends, the people with the notables, and the rich with one another. And he should impoverish his subjects...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2085)

“All these works were alike intended to occupy the people and keep them poor. ANother practice of tyrants is to multiply taxes, after the manner of Dionysius at Syracuse, who contrived that within five years his subjects should bring into the treasury may have something to do and be always in want of a leader.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2085)

“Hence tyrants are always fond of bad men, because they love to be flattered, but no man who has the spirit of a freeman in him will lower himself by flattery, good men love others, or at any rate do not flatter them. Moreover, the bad are useful for bad purposes; ‘nail knocks out nail’, as the proverb says.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2086)

“Another mark of a tyrant is that he likes foreigners better than citizens, and lives with them and invites them to his table; for the one are enemies, but the others enter into no rivalry with him.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2086)

“Such are the marks the tyrant and the arts by which he preserves his power; there is no wickedness too great for him. All that we have said may be summed up under three heads, which answer to the three aims of the tyrant. These are, the humiliation of his subjects, for he knows that a mean-spirited man will not conspire against anybody: the creation of mistrust among them; for a tyrant is not overthrown until men begin to have confidence in one another; and this is the reason why tyrants are at war with the good; they are under the idea that thier power is endangered by them, not only because they will not be ruled despotically, but also because they are loyal to one another, and to other men, and do not inform against one another or against other men: the tyrant desires that his subjects shall be incapable of action, for no one attempts what is impossible, and they will not attempt to overthrow a tyranny if they are powerless.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2086)

“In these things a tyrant should if possible be moderate, or any rate should not parade his vices to the world; for a drunken and drowsy tyrant is soon despised and attacked; no so he who is temperate and wide awake. His conduct should be the very reverse of nearly everything which has been said before about tyrants. He ought to adorn and improve his city, as though he were not a tyrant, but the guardian of the state. Also he should appear to be particularly earnest in the service of the gods; for if men think that a ruler is religious and has a reverence for the gods; for if men think that a ruler is religious and has a reverence for the gods, they are less afraid of suffering injustice at his hands, and they are less disposed to conspire against him, because they believe him to have the very gods fighting on his side.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2087)

“Yet no forms of government are so short-lived as oligarchy and tyranny.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2088)

“But in point of fact a tyrant often changes into a tyranny, as that at Sicyon changed from the tyranny of Myron into that of Cleisthenes; into oligarchy, as the tyrant of Antileon did at Chalcis...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2089)

“Often an oligarchy changes into a tyranny, like most of the ancient oligarchies of Sicily...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2089)

“First of all let us speak of democracy, which will also bring to light the opposite form of government commonly called oligarchy. For the purpose of this inquiry we need to ascertain all the elements and characteristics of democracy, since from the combinations of these the varieties of democratic government arise. There are several of these differing from each other, and the difference is due to two causes. One has been already mentioned - differences of population; for the popular element may consist of farmers, or of artisans, or of labourers, and if the first of these is added to the second, or the third to the two others, not only does the democracy become better or worse, but its very nature is changed. A second cause remains to be mentioned: the various properties and characteristics of democracy, when variously combined, make a difference. For one democracy will have less and another will have more, and another will have all of these characteristics. There is an advantage in knowing them all, whether a man wishes to establish some new form of democracy, or only to remodel an existing one. Founders of states try to bring together all the elements which accord with the ideas of the several constitutions; but this is a mistake of theirs, as I have already remarked when speaking of the destruction and preservation of states. We will now set forth the principles, characteristics, and aims of such states.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2091)

“Every citizen, ti is said, must have equality; whence it follows that the majority is supreme. This, then, is one note of liberty which all democrats affirm to be the principle of the state. Another is that a man should live as he likes. This, they say, is the mark of liberty, since, one the other hands, not to live as a man likes is the mark of a slave. This is the second characteristics of democracy, whence has arisen the claim of men to be ruled by none, if possible. or, if this is impossible to rule and be ruled in turns; and so it contributes to the freedom based upon reality.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2091)

“Of all magistracies, a council is the most democratic when there is not the means of paying all the citizens, but when they are paid even this robbed of its power; for the people then draw all cases to themselves, as I said in the previous discussion. The next characteristic of democracy is payment for services; assembly, law-courts, magistrates, everybody receives pay, when it is to be had; or when it is not to be had for all, then it is given to the law-courts and to the states assemblies, to the council and to the magistrates, or at least to any of them who are compelled to have their meals together. [and whereas oligarchy is characterized by birth, wealth, and education, the marks of democracy appear to be the opposite of these - low birth, poverty, mean employment.] Another characteristic is that no magistracy is perpetual, but if any such have survived some ancient change in the constitution it should be stripped of its power, and the holders should be elected by lot and no longer by vote. These are the points common to all democracies; but democracy and demos in their truest form are based upon the recognized principle of democratic justice, that all should count equally; for equality implies that the poor should have no more share in the government than the rich, and should not be the only rulers, but that all should rule equally according to their numbers. And in this way men think that they will secure equality and freedom in their state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2092)

“For the best material of democracy is an agricultural population; there is no difficulty in forming a democracy where the mass of the people live by agriculture or tending of cattle. Being poor, they have no leisure, and therefore do not often attend the assembly, and having the necessaries of life they are always at work, and do not covet the property of others. Indeed, they find their employment pleasanter than the cares of government or office where no great gains can be made out of them, for the many are more desirous of gain than of honour.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2093)

“Next best to an agricultural, and in many respects similar, are a pastoral people, who live by their flocks; they are the best trained of any for war, robust in body and able to camp out. The people of whom other democracies consist are far inferior to them, for their life is inferior; there is no room for excellence in any of their employments, whether they be artisans or traders or labourers.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2094)

“We have thus explained how the first and best form of democracy should be constituted; it is clear that the other or inferior sorts will deviate in a regular order, and the population which is excluded will at each stage be of a lower kind.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2094)

“The last form of democracy, that in which all share alike, is one which cannot be borne by all states, and will not last long unless well regulated by laws and customs. The more general causes which tend to destroy this or other kinds of government have been pretty fully considered. In order to constitute such a democracy and strengthen the people, the leaders have been in the habit of including as many as they can, and making citizens not only of those who are legitimate, but even of the illegitimate, and of those who have only one parent a citizen, whether father or mother; for nothing of this sort comes amiss to such a democracy.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2094)

“Yet to a reflecting mind it must appear very strange that the statesman should be always considering how he can dominate and tyrannize over others, whether they are willing or not.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2102)

“First among the materials required by the statesman is population: he will consider what should be the number and character of the citizens, and then what should be the size and character of the country.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2104)

“For law is order, and good law is good order; but a very great multitude cannot be orderly; to introduce order into the unlimited is the work of a divine power - of such a power as holds together the universe.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2105)

“Much the same principle will apply to the territory of the state: everyone would agree in praising the territory which is most self-sufficient; and that must be the territory which can produce everything necessary, for to have all things and to want nothing is sufficiency.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2105)

“We have already said that the city should be open to the land and to the sea, and to the whole country as far as possible. In respect of the place itself our wish would be that its situation should be fortunate in four things. The first, health - this is a necessity; cities which lie towards the east, and are blown upon by winds coming from the east, are the healthiest; next in healthiness are those which are sheltered from the north wind, for they have a milder winter. The site of the city should likewise be convenient both for political administration and for war. With a view to the latter it should afford easy egress to the citizens, and at the same time be inaccessible and difficult of capture to enemies. There should be a natural abundance of springs and fountains in the town, or, if there is a deficiency of them, great reservoirs may be established for the collection of rain-water, such as will not fail when the inhabitants are cut off from the country by war. Special care should be taken of the health of the inhabitants, which will depend chiefly on the healthiness of the locality and of the quarter to which they are exposed, and secondly, on the use of pure water; this latter point is by no means a secondary consideration. For the elements which we use most and oftenest for the support of the body contribute most to health, and among these are water and air. For this reason, in all wise states, if there is a want of pure water, and the supply is not all equally good, the drinking water ought to be separated from that which is used for other purposes.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2111)

“As to strongholds, what is suitable to different forms of government varies; thus an acropolis is suited to oligarchy or a monarchy, but a plain to a democracy; neither to an aristocracy, but rather a number of strong places. The arrangement of private houses is considered to be more agreeable and generally more convenient if the streets are regularly laid out after the modern fashion which Hippodamus introduced, but for security in war the antiquated mode of building, which made it difficult for strangers to get out of a town and for assailants to find their way in, is preferable. A city should therefore adopt both plans of building; it is possible to arrange the houses irregularly, as farmers plant their vines in what are called ‘clumps’. The whole town should be be laid out in straight lines, but only certain quarters and regions; thus security and beauty will be combined.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2111)

“There are three things which make men good and excellent; these are nature, habit, reason.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2114)

“We have already determined what natures are likely to be most easily moulded by the hands of the legislator. All else is the work of education; we learn some things by habit and some by instruction.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2114)

“Nature herself has provided the distinction when she made a difference between old and young within the same species, of whom she fitted the one to govern and the other be governed. No one takes offence at being governed when he is young, nor does he think himself better than his governors, especially if he will enjoy the same privilege when he reaches the required age.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2115)

“Since the legislator should begin by considering how the bodies of the children whom he is rearing may be as good as possible, his first care will be about marriage - at what age should his citizens marry, and who are fit to marry? In legislating on this subject he ought to consider the persons and the length of their life, that their procreative life may terminate at the same period,and that they may not differ in their bodily powers, as will be the case if the man is still able to beget children while the woman is unable to bear them, or the woman able to bear while the man is unable to beget, for from these causes arise quarrels and differences between married persons. Secondly, he must consider the time at which the children will succeed to their parents; there ought not to be too great an interval of age, for then the parents will be too old to derive any pleasure from their affection, or to be of any use to them. Nor ought they to be too nearly of an age; to youthful marriages there are many objections - the children will be lacking in respect for the parents, who will seem to be their contemporaries, and disputes will arise in the management of the household. Thirdly, and this is the point form which we digressed, the legislator may be secured by attention to one point. Since the time of generation is commonly limited within the age of seventy years in the case of a man, and of fifty in the case of a woman, the commencement of the union should conform to these periods.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2118)

“Women should marry when they are about eighteen years of age, and men at thirty-seven; then they are in the prime of life, and the decline in the powers of both will coincide.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2118)

“No one will doubt that the legislator should direct his attention above all to the education of youth; for the neglect of education does harm to the constitution. The citizen should be moulded to suit the form of government under which he lives. For each government has a peculiar character which originally formed and which continues to preserve it. The character of democracy creates democracy, and the character of oligarchy creates oligarchy; and always the better the character, the better the government.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2121)

“And since the whole city has one end, it is manifest that education should be one and the same for all, and that it should be public, and not private - not as at present, when everyone looks after his own children separately, and gives them separate instruction of the sort which he thinks best; the training in things which are of common interest should be the same for all. Neither must we suppose that anyone of the citizens belongs to himself, for they all belong to the state, and are each of them a part of the state, and the care of each part is inseparable from the care of the whole. In this particular as in some others is inseparable from the care of the whole. In this particular as in some others the Lacedaemonions are to be praised, for they take the greatest pains about their children, and make education the business of the state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2121)

“The customary branches of education are in number four; they are - reading and writing, gymnastic exercises, and music, to which is sometimes added drawing. Of these, reading and writing and drawing are regarded as useful for the purpose of life in a variety of ways, and gymnastic exercises are thought to infuse courage.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2122)

“It is clear then that there are branches of learning and education which we must study merely with a view to leisure spent in intellectual activity, and these are to be valued for their own sake; whereas those kinds of knowledge which are useful in business are to be deemed necessary, and exist for the sake of other things.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2122)

“Song is to mortals of all things the sweetest. Hence and with good reason it is introduced into social gatherings and entertainments, because it makes the hearts of men glad; so that on this ground alone we may assume that the young ought to be trained in it. For innocent pleasures are not only in harmony with the end of life, but they also provide relaxation. And whereas men rarely attain the end, but often restby the way and amuse themselves, not only with a view to a further end, but also for the pleasure’s sake, it may be well at times to let them find a refreshment in music.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2125)

“Again, figures and colours are not imitations, but signs, of character, indications which the body gives of states of feeling. The connexion of them with morals is slight, but in so far as there is any, young men should be taught to look, not at the works of Pauson, but at those of Polygnotus, or any other painter or sculptor who expresses character. On the other hand, even in mere melodies there is an imitation of character, for the musical modes differ essentially from one another, and those who hear them are differently affected by each.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2126)

“...a young thing cannot be quiet.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2127)

“In regard to property the first care is that which comes naturally. Now in the course of nature the art of agriculture is prior, and next come those arts which extract the products of the earth, mining and the like. Agriculture ranks first because of its justice; for it does not take anything away from men, either either with their consent, as do retail trading and the mercenary arts, or against their will, as do the warlike arts. Further, agriculture is natural; for by nature all derive their sustenance from their mother, and so men derive it from the earth. In addition to this it also conduces greatly to bravery; for it does not make men’s bodies unserviceable, so do the illiberal arts, but it renders them able to lead an open-air life and work hard; furthermore it makes them adventurous against the foe, for husbandmen are the only citizens whose property lies outside the fortifications.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2131)

“First, then, he must not do her any wrong; for thus a man is less likely himself to be wronged.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2131)

“To give them food but no punishment and no work makes them insolent; and that they should have work and punishment and no work makes them insolent; and that they should have work and punishment but no food is tyrannical and destroys their efficiency. It remains therefore to give them work and sufficient food; for it is impossible to rule without offering rewards, and a slave’s reward is his food. And justas all other men become worse when they get no advantage by being better and there are no rewards for virtue and vice, so also is it with servants.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2132)

“A good wife should be the mistress of her home, having under her care all that is within it, according to the rules we have laid down. She should allow none to enter without her husband’s knowledge, dreading above all things the gossip of gadding women, which tends to poison the soul.. She alone should have knowledge of what happens within, whilst if any harm is wrought by those form without, her husband will bear the blame.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2146)

“Such then is the pattern of the rules and ways of living which a good wife will observe. And the rules which a good husband will follow in treatment of his wife will similar; seeing that she has entered his home as the partner of his life and his children; and that the offspring she leaves behind her will bear the names of their parents, her name as well as his. And what could be more sacred that this, or more desired by a man of sound mind, than to beget by a noble and honoured wife children who, as shepherds of their old age, shall be the most loyal and discreet guardians of their father and mother, and the preservers of the whole house? Rightly reared by father and mother, children will grow up virtuous, as those who have treated them piously and righteously deserve that they should; but without such education they will be flawed. For unless parents have given their children an example of how to live, the children in their turn will be able to offer a fair and specious excuse. Such parents will risk being rejected by their offspring for their evil lives, and thus bringing destruction upon their own heads.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2148)

“For the tiller of the soil spares no pains to sow his seed in the most fertile and best cultivated land, looking thus to obtain the fairest fruits; and to save it from devastation he is ready, if such be his lot, to fall in conflict with his foes, a death which men crown with the highest praise.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2148)

“Now a virtuous wife is best honoured when she sees that her husband is faithful to her, and has no preference for another woman, but before all others loves and trust her and holds her as his own. And so much the more will the woman seek to be what he accounts her, if she receives that her husband’s affection for her is faithful and righteous, and she too will be faithful and righteous towards him.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2148)

“To all these matters, therefore, a man should give heed. And it is fitting that he should approach his wife in an honourable way, full of self-restraint and awe; and in his conversation with her, should use only the words of a right-minded man, suggesting only such acts as are themselves lawful and honourable; treating her with much self-restraint and trust, and passing over any trivial or unintentional errors she has committed. And if through ignorance she has done wrong, he should advise her of it without threatening, in a courgeous and modest manner. Indifference and harsh reproof he must alike avoid. Between a courtesan and her lover, such tempers are allowed their course; between a free woman and her lawful spouse there should be a reverent and modest mingling of love and fear. For of fear there are two kinds. The fear which virtuous and honourable sons feel towards their fathers, and loyal citizens towards rightminded rulers, has for its companions reverence and modesty; but the other kind, felt by slaves for masters and by subjects for despots who treat them with injustice and wrong, is associated with hostility and hatred.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2149)

“For Homer pays no honour either to affection or to fear where modesty is absent. Everywhere he bids affection be coupled with self-control and shame; whilst the fear he commends is such as Helen owns when she thus addresses Priam: “Beloved sire of my lord, it is fitting that I fear thee and dread thee and revere”’ Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2149)

“Once again, in the words addressed by Ulysses to Nausicaa the poet makes clear the great honour in which he holds the virtuous companionship of man and wife in marriage. There he prays the gods to grant her a husband and a home, and between herself and her husband, precious unity of mind; provided that such unity be for righteous ends. For, says he, there is no greater blessing on earth than when husband and wife rule their home in harmony of mind and will. Moreover it is evident from this that the unity which the commends is no mutual subservience in each other’s vices, but one that is rightfully allied with wisdom and understanding; for this is the meaning of the words ‘rule the house in harmony of mind.’ And he goes on to say that wherever such a love is found, it is a cause of sore distress to those who hate them and of delight to those that love them; while the truth of his words is most of all acknowledged by the happy pair. For when wife and husband are agreed about the best things in life, of necessity the friends of each will also be mutually agreed; and the strength; and the strength which the pair gain will make them formidable to their enemies and helpful to their own. But when discord reigns between them, their friends too will disagree, while the pair themselves will realize most fully their weakness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2150)

“It is clear, then, that the technical study of rhetoric is concerned with the modes of persuasion.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2153)

“Honour is the token of a man’s being famous for doing good. It is chiefly and most properly paid to those who have already done good; but also to the man who can do good in future. Doing good refers either to the preservation of life and the means of life, or to wealth, or to some other of the good things which it is hard to get either always or at that particular place or time - for many gain honour for things which seem small, but the place and the occasion account for it. The constitution of honour are:sacrifices, commemoration, in verse of prose; privileges; grants of land; from seats and civic celebrations; state burial; statues; public maintenance; among foreigners, obeisance and giving place;and such presents as are among various bodies of men regarded as marks of honour.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2164)

“”The excellence of the body is health; that is, a condition which allows us, while keeping free from disease, to have the use of our bodies; many people are healthy in the way we are told Herodicus was; and these no one can congratulate on their health, for they have to abstain from everything or nearly everything that men do.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2164)

“Further, health, beauty, and the like, as being bodily excellences and productive of many other good things; for instance, health is productive both of pleasure and of life, and there is thought the greatest of goods, since these two things which it causes, pleasure and life, are two of the things most highly prized by ordinary people. Wealth, again; for it is the excellence of possession, and also productive of many other good things. Friends and friendship; for a friend is desirable in himself and also productive of many other good things, and for the most part accompanied by the presence of the good things, and for the most part accompanied by the presence of the good tihngs that cause them to be bestowed. The faculty of speech and action; since all such qualities are productive of what is good. Further - good parts, strong memory, receptiveness, quickness of intuition, and the like, for all such faculties are productive of what is good. Similarly, all the sciences and arts. And life; since, even if no other good were the result of life, it is desirable in itself. And justice, as the cause of good to the community.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2166)

“...the reason being the same in each case, namely that without a cause and an origin nothing can exist or come into existence.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2169)

“The best of things is water.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2170)

“For that which all desire is good, as we have said; and so, the more a thing is desired, the better it is. Further, that is the better thing which is considered so by competitors or enemies, or, again, by judges or those whom they judge. In the first two cases the decision is virtually that of everyone, in the last two that of authorities and experts. And sometimes what all share is the better thing, since it is a dishonour not to share in it; at other times, what none or few share is better, since it is rarer.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2171)

“What a man wants to be is better than what a man wants to seem, for in aiming at that he is aiming more at reality. Hence men say that justice is of small value, since it is more desirable to seem just than to be just, whereas with health it is not so.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2172)

“Hence being rich may be regarded as a greater good than seeming to be. That which is dearly prized is better than what is not - the sort of thing that some people have only one of, though others have more like it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2172)

“The most important and effective qualification for success in persuading audiences and speaking well on public affairs is to understand all the forms of government and to discriminate their respective customs, institutions, and interests.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2173)

“The end of democracy is freedom; of oligarchy, wealth; of aristocracy, the maintenance of education and national institutions; of tyranny, the protection of the tyrant.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2173)

“Yet the actual deeds are evidence of the doer’s character: even if a man has not actually done a given good thing, we shall bestow praise on him, if we are sure that he is the sort of man who would do it.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2177)

“Revenge and punishment are different things. Punishment is inflicted for the sake of the person punished; revenge for that of the punisher, to satisfy his feelings. “What anger is will be made clear when we come to discuss the emotion.” Appetite is the cause of all actions that appear pleasant.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2180)

“Habits also are pleasant; for as soon as a thing has become habitual, it is virtually natural; habit is a thing not unlike nature; what happens often is akin to what happens always, natural events happening always, habitual events often.’ Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2180)

“Hence even being angry is pleasant - Homer said of wrath that “Sweeter it is by far than the honeycomb dripping with sweetness...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2181)

“For where there is competition, there is victory.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2182)

“Honour and good repute are among the most pleasant things of all; they make a man see himself in the character of a fine fellow, especially when he is credited with it by people whom he thinks tell the truth. His neighbours are better judges than people at a distance;his associates and fellow-countrymen better than strangers; his contemporaries better than posterity; sensible persons better than foolish ones; a large number of people better than posterity; sensible persons better than foolish ones; a large number of people better than a small number: those of the former class, in each case, are the more likely to be truthful. Honour and credit bestowed by those whom you think much inferior to yourself - e.g. children or animals - you do not value: not for its own sake, anyhow: if you do value it, it is for some other reason. Friends belong to the class of pleasant things; it is pleasant to love - if you love win, you certainly find it delightful; and it is pleasant to be loved, for this too makes a man see himself as the possessor of goodness, a thing that every being that has a feeling for it desires to possess: to be loved means to be valued for one’s own personal qualities. to be admired is also pleasant, for the same reason as to be honoured is. Flattery and flatterers are pleasant: the flatterer is a man who, you believe, admires and likes you. To do the same thing often is pleasant, since, as we saw, anything familiar is pleasant. And to change is also pleasant; change means an approach to nature, whereas invariable repetition of anything causes the excessive prolongation of a settled condition: therefore, says the poet, “change is in all things sweet. ” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2182)

“Again, since learning and wondering are pleasant, it follows that such things as acts of imitation must be pleasant - for instance, painting, sculpture, poetry - and every product of skillful imitation; this latter, even if the object imitated is not itself pleasant; for it is not the object itself which here gives delight; the spectator draws inferences Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (‘That is a so-and-so’) and thus learns something fresh.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2183)

“And since what is natural is pleasant, and things akin to each other seem natural to each other, therefore all kindred and similar things are for the most part pleasant to each other; for instance, one man, horse, or young person is pleasant to another man, horse, or young person.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2183)

“Another likely class of victim is those who their injurer can pretend have, themselves or through their ancestors or friends, treated for; as the proverb says, ‘wickedness needs but a pretext’. A man may wrong his enemies, because that is pleasant: he may equally wrong his friends, because that is easy. Then there are those who have no friends, and those who lack of eloquence and practical capacity; these will either not attempt to prosecute, or they will come to terns, or failing that they will lose their case.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2186)

“Particular law is that which each community lays down and applies to its own members: this is partly written and partly unwritten. Universal law is the law of nature. For there really is, as everyone to some extent divines, a natural justice and injustice that is common to all, even to those who have no association or covenant with each other.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2187)

“In order to be wronged, a man must suffer actual harm and suffer it involuntarily.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2187)

“We must urge that the principles of equity are permanent and changeless, and that the universal law does not change either, for it is the law of nature, whereas written laws often do change.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2190)

“We shall argue that justice indeed is true and profitable, but that sham justice is not, and that consequently the written law is not, because it doe snot fulfill the function of the law.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2190)

“Again, we are angrier with our friends than with other people, since we feel that our friends ought to treat us well and not badly.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2197)

“And we feel particularly angry with men of no account at all, if they slight us.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2197)

“This being assumed, it follows that your friend is the sort of man who shares your pleasure in what is good and your pain in what is unpleasant, for your sake and for no other reason. This pleasure and pain of his will be the token of his good wishes for you, since we all glad at getting what we wish for, and pained at getting what we do not.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2200)

“Once we are on a level with others, it is a disgrace to be, say, less well educated than they are;and so with other advantages: all the more so, in each case, if it is seen to be our own fault: wherever we are ourselves to blame for our present, past, or future circumstances, it follows at once that this is to a greater extent due to our badness.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2205)

“...whatever is undeserved is unjust...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2209)

“The newly rich give more offence than those whose wealth is of long standing and inherited. The same is true of those who have office or power, plenty of friends, a fine family, etc. We feel the same when these advantages of theirs secure them others. For here again, the newly rich give us more offence by obtaining office through their riches than do those whose wealth is of long standing; and so in all other cases.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2210)

“It is therefore a good feeling felt by good persons, whereas envy is a bad feeling felt by and persons. Emulation makes us take steps to secure the good things in question, envy makes us take steps to stop our neighbour having them. Emulation must therefore tend to be felt by persons who believe themselves to deserve certain good things that they have not got [[For no one aspires to things which appear impossible.]] It is accordingly felt by the young and by persons of lofty disposition. Also by those whom all others think belong to men whose state state of mind is good.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2212)

“We will now turn to those gifts of fortune by which human character is affected. First let us consider good birth. Its effect on character is to make those who have it more ambitious; it is the way of all men who have something to start with to add to the pile, and good birth implies ancestral distinction.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2215)

“To some things we by art must needs attain, others by destiny or luck we gain.” Agathon Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2218)

“O mortal man, nurse not immortal wrath.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2222)

“For all animals display the appetites and desire and the like, but none save man possess reason. Now it would be most strange if, when it is by virtue of reason along that we live happier lives than all other animals, we should through indifference despise and renounce that which is the cause of well-being.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2271)

“When we are exhorting anyone to go to war we must collect as many of these pretexts as possible, and afterwards show that those whom we are exhorting possess most of the advantages which bring success in warfare. Now men are always successful either by the favour of the gods, which we call good fortune, or through the number and strength of their troops, or through the abundance of their resources or the wisdom of their general or the excellence of their allies, or through their superiority of position.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2278)

“The following are maxims based on parallels: ‘Those who appropriate money seem to me at act very like those who betray cities; for both are trusted and wrong those who have trusted them’; or again, ‘My opponents seem to me to act very like tyrants; for tyrants claim not to be punished for the wrongs which they have themselves inflicted, while they demand the fullest punishment for the wrong os which they accuse others; and my adversaries, fi they have themselves something which belongs to me, do not restore to it, while, if I have received something which belongs to them, they think that they ought to have it restored to them and the interest on it as well’. By following this method then we shall form a number of maxims.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2287)

“In public trials our pretexts will be legality, justice, and the general interest.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2212)

“Alliances must be formed when the citizens are unable by themselves to protect their own territory and strongholds or hold the enemy in check.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2314)

“Epic poetry and tragedy, as also comedy, dithyrambic poetry, and most flute-playing and lyre-playing, are all, viewed as a whole, modes of imitation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2316)

“Just as colour and form are used as means by some, who Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (whether by art or constant practice) imitate and portray many things by their aid, and the voice is used by others; so also in the above-mentioned group of arts, the means with them as a whole are rhythm, language, and harmony - used, however, either singly or in certain combinations.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2316)

“It is clear that the general origin of poetry was due to two causes, each of them part of human nature. Imitation is natural to man from childhood, one of his advantages over the lower animals being this, that he is the most imitative creature in the world, and learns at first by imitation.And it is also natural for all to delight in works of imitation. The truth of this second point is shown by experience: though the objects themselves may be painful to see, we delight to view the most realistic representations of them in art, the forms for example of the lowest animals and of dead bodies. The explanation is to be found in a further fact: to be leanring something is the greatest of pleasures not only to the philosopher but also to the rest of mankind, however small their capacity for it; the reason of the delight in seeing the picture is that one is at the same time learning - gathering the meaning of the picture is that one is at the same time learning - gathering the meaning of things, e.g. that the man there is so-and-so; for if one has not seen the thing before, one’s pleasure will not be in the picture as an imitation of it, but will be due to the execution or colouring or some similar cause. Imitation, then, being natural to us - as also the sense of harmony and rhythm, the metres being obviously species of rhythms - it was through their original aptitude, and by a series of improvements for the most part gradual on their first efforts, that they created poetry out of their improvisations.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2318)

“Poetry, however, soon broke up into two kinds according to the differences of character in the individual poets; for the graver among them would represent noble actions, and those of noble personages; and the meaner sort the actions of the ignoble. The latter class produced invectives at first, just as others did hymns and panegyrics.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2318)

“As for comedy, it is Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (as has been observed) an imitation of men worse than the average; worse, however, not as regards any and every sort of fault, but only as regards one particular kind, the ridiculous, which is a species of the ugly. The ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others; the mask, for instance, that excites laughter, is something ugly and distorted without causing pain.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2319)

“Epic poetry, then, has been seen to resemble tragedy to this extent, that of being an imitation of serious subjects in metre. It differs from it, however, in that it is in one kind of verse and in narrative form...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (1329)

“Hence poetry is something more philosophic and of graver import than history, since its statements are of the nature rather of universals, whereas those of history are singulars. By a universal statement I mean one as to what such or such a kind of man will probably or necessarily say or do - which is the aim of poetry, though it affixes proper names to the characters; by a singular statement, one as to what, say, Alcibiades did or had done to him.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2323)

“It is evident from the above that the poet must be more the poet of his plots than of his verses, in as much as he is a poet by virtue of the imitative element in his work, and it is actions that he imitates.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2323)

“We assume that, for the finest form of tragedy, the plot must be not simple but complex; and further, that it must imitate actions arousing fear and pity, since that is the distinctive function of this kind of imitation.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2325)

“The marvellous is certainly required in tragedy. The epic, however, affords more opening for the improbable, the chief factor in the marvellous, because in it the agents are not visibly before one. The scene of the pursuit of Hector would be ridiculous on the stage - the Greeks halting instead of pursuing him, and Achilles ridiculous on the stage - the Greeks halting instead of pursuing him, and Achilles shaking his head to stop them...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2336)

“Aristotle used to say that men’s concept of god sprang from two sources - the experiences of the soul and the phenomena of the heavens. From the experiences of the soul, because of its inspiration and prophetic power in dreams. For, he says, when the soul gets by itself in sleep, it then assumes its nature and foresees and foretells the future.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2391)

“He [sc. Aristotle] speaks of this in his On Philosophy. In general, where there is a better there is also a best. Since, then, among existing things one is better than another, there is also something that is best, which will be the divine. Now that which changes is changed either by something else or by itself, and if by something else, either by something better or by something worse, and if by itself, either to something worse or through desire for something nobler. But the divine has nothing better than itself by which it will be changed Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (for that other thing would then have been more divine), nor is it right for the better to be affected by the worse; besides,if it were changed by something worse, it would have admitted something bad into itself - and nothing in it is bad.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2392)

“For, as the tragic poet says, ‘Things born of earth return to earth, things born of an ethereal seed return to the pole of heaven again; nothing that comes into being dies; one departs in one direction, one in another, and each shows its own form.’” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2394)

“For, as the saying goes, ‘not even a woman is so lacking in good judgment as to prefer the worse when the better is available’...” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2395)

“The most demonstrative argument is that on which I know countless people to pride themselves, as on something most precise and quite irrefutable. They ask why god should destroy the world. Either to save himself from continuing in world-making, or in order to make another world. The former of these purposes is alien to god; for what befits him is to turn disorder into order, not order into disorder; and further, he would be admitting a change of mind, and hence an affection and disease of the soul. For he should either not have made a world at all, or else, if he judged the work becoming to him, should have rejoiced in the product. The second alternative deserves full examination. For if in place of the present world he is to make another, the world he makes is bound to be either worse or like or better, and each of these possibilities is open to objection. If it is worse, its artificer too will be worse; but the works of god are blameless, free from criticism and incapable of improvement, fashioned as they are by the most perfect art and knowledge. For, as the saying goes, ‘not even a woman is so lacking in good judgment as to prefer the worse when the better is available’; and it is fitting for god to give shape to the shapeless and to deck the ugliest things with marvelous beauties. If the new world is like the old, its artificer will have laboured in vain, differing in nothing in nothing from silly children, who often when playing on the beach make great piles of sand and then undermine them with their hands and pull them down again. Much better than making a similar world would be neither to take away nor to add anything, nor change anything for better or for worse, but to leave the original world in its place. If he is to make a better world, the artificer himself must become better, so that when he made the former world he must have been more imperfect both in art and in wisdom - which it is not right even to suspect. For god is equal and like to himself, admitting neither slackening towards the worse nor tautening towards the better.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2395)

“This is indeed so: surfeit, as the proverb says, breeds insolence; lack of education combined with power breeds folly. For those who are ill-disposed in should neither wealth nor beauty is good; the more lavishly one is endowed with these conditions, the more grievously and the more often they hurt him who possessed them but lacks understanding.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2403)

“But that which comes into being according to nature does so for the sake of something and is always constituted for the sake of something better than the product of art; for nature does not imitate art, but art nature, and art exists to aid nature and to full up what nature leaves undone. For some things nature seems able to complete by itself without aid, but others it does with difficulty or cannot do at all; and example close to hand is what happens when something comes into being: some seeds obviously generate without protection, whatever ground they fall into, others need the art of farming as well; similarly, some animals too attain their full nature by themselves, but man needs many arts for his preservation, both at birth and in the matter of nutrition later. If, then, art imitates nature, ti is from nature that the rats have derived the characteristic that all their products come into being for the sake of something. For we should assume that everything that comes into being rightly comes into being for the sake of something. Now that which comes into being well, comes into being rightly,; and everything that comes or has come into being well, comes into being rightly; and everything that comes or has come into being, therefore, is for the sake of something.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2405)

“Now either absolutely all animals belong to the class of things that have come into being by nature and according to nature and according to nature, or the best and most honourable of them do; for it makes no difference if someone thinks most animals have come into being contrary to nature because of some destruction and evil. The most honourable of the animals in the world is man;so that clearly he has come into being by nature and according to nature.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2405)

“According to this argument, then, Pythagoras was right in saying that every man has been made by god in order to acquire knowledge and contemplate.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2406)

“...that which is inferior is always servant to that which is superior, then the body must exist for the sake of the soul.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2406)

“The philosopher alone imitates that which is exact; for he looks at the exact things themselves, not in imitations.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2409)

“For one will find that all the things men think great are mere scene-painting; hence it is rightly said that all the things men think great are mere scene-painting; hence it is rightly said that man is nothing and that nothing human is stable. Strength, size, beauty are a laugh and of no worth;...only because we see nothing accurately.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2416)

“For all of us are from the beginning of (as they say in the initiation rites) shaped by nature as though for punishment. For it is an inspired saying of the ancients that the soul pays penalties and that we live for the punishment of great sins. For indeed the conjunction of the soul with the body looks very much like this.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2416)

“It is height of madness not merely to be ignorant but not to realize that you are ignorant and therefore to assent to false images and to suppose that true images are false...Aristotle calls such people aged children, because their minds hardly differ from those of children.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2417)

“In the second book of the Poloticus he [sc. Aristotle] says the same as his predecessors about this subject - his words are: ‘The good is the most accurate measure of all things’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“Anger, Aristotle says,, is necessary, nor can any battle be won without it - unless it fills the mind and kindles the spirit. But we must treat it not as a commander but as a soldier.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“A hare that makes its appearance among hounds cannot escape, Aristotle says, nor can that which is deemed despicable and shameless survive among men.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“Aristotle said that lovers look to no other part of the bodies of their beloved than their eyes, in which modesty dwells.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2424)

“...whoever dies of passionate love, let him die in this manner - there is no good in love without death’. Then said his pupil Issos: ‘O philosopher, inform us concerning the essence of love’. And Aristotle replied: ‘Love is an impulse which is generated in the heart; when it is once generated, ti moves and grows; afterwards it becomes mature. When it has become mature it is joined by affections of appetite whenever the lower the lover in the depth of his heart increases in his excitement, his perseverance, his desire, his concentrations, and his wishes. And that brings him to cupidity and urges him to demands, until it brings him to disquieting grief, continuous sleeplessness, and hopeless passion and sadness and destruction of mind’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2424)

“Eloquence is the companion of peace, the ally of leisure, and, so to say, the offspring of a well-ordered state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2430)

“There was also another kind of symbol, of the following sort: ‘Do not step over a balance’, i.e. do not be covetous: ‘Do not poke the fire with a sword’, i.e. do not vex with sharp words a man swollen with anger; “Do not pluck the crown’, i.e. do not offend against the laws which are the crowns of cities. Or again, ‘Do not eat heart’, i.e. do not vex yourself with grief: ‘Do not sit on the corn ration’, i.e. do not live in idleness; ‘When on a journey do not turn back’, i.e. when you are dying, do not cling to this life; ‘Do not walk the highway’, i.e. do not follow the opinions of the many but pursue those of the few and educated; ‘Do not receive swallows in your house’, i.e. do not take into your house talkative men who cannot control their tongues; ‘Add to the burdens of the burdened, do not lighten them’, i.e. contribute to no man’s sloth, but to his excellence; ‘Do not carry images of the gods in your rings’, i.e. do not make your thought and pseech about the gods manifest and obvious, nor show it to many; ‘Make your libations to the gods at the ear of the cup’, i.e. celebrate and honour the gods with music, for this goes through the ears.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2442)

“Silence in woman means not only glory, means a world of mystery. It sometimes takes the fragile look on her face away and sometimes it illuminates the fragility." Goran Sabah

“Nie ma niepodległości bez internetu.” Kamil Reichel - Mensis XXII October MMXX

“Ideologia komunsityczna, opierająca się na sile i kłamstwie, tworzyła sztuczny świat, w którym ‘demokracja’ oznaczłą bezwzględną dyktaturę, ‘postęp’ - obalenie wartości I absolutyzację władzy, ‘nauka’ zaś - prymitywną wiarę w zaklęcia ideologów.” Wojciech Roszkowski - Historia Polski 1914 (151)

“If I were a rich man, I would pay for the privilege of teaching.” Edward J. Rozek

"Money is the root of all good." Francisco d'Anconia

“Proszę pamiętać, że NIemcy znajdowali swoich Quislinów we wszsytkich krajach okupwanych, ale nie w Polsce.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (539)

“Powstanie warszawskie bylo największą bitwą stoczoną przez europejski ruch oporu.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (556)

“The philosopher alone imitates that which is exact; for he looks at the exact things themselves, not in imitations.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2409)

“For one will find that all the things men think great are mere scene-painting; hence it is rightly said that all the things men think great are mere scene-painting; hence it is rightly said that man is nothing and that nothing human is stable. Strength, size, beauty are a laugh and of no worth;...only because we see nothing accurately.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2416)

“For all of us are from the beginning of (as they say in the initiation rites) shaped by nature as though for punishment. For it is an inspired saying of the ancients that the soul pays penalties and that we live for the punishment of great sins. For indeed the conjunction of the soul with the body looks very much like this.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2416)

“It is height of madness not merely to be ignorant but not to realize that you are ignorant and therefore to assent to false images and to suppose that true images are false...Aristotle calls such people aged children, because their minds hardly differ from those of children.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2417)

“In the second book of the Poloticus he [sc. Aristotle] says the same as his predecessors about this subject - his words are: ‘The good is the most accurate measure of all things’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“Anger, Aristotle says,, is necessary, nor can any battle be won without it - unless it fills the mind and kindles the spirit. But we must treat it not as a commander but as a soldier.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“A hare that makes its appearance among hounds cannot escape, Aristotle says, nor can that which is deemed despicable and shameless survive among men.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2422)

“Aristotle said that lovers look to no other part of the bodies of their beloved than their eyes, in which modesty dwells.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2424)

“...whoever dies of passionate love, let him die in this manner - there is no good in love without death’. Then said his pupil Issos: ‘O philosopher, inform us concerning the essence of love’. And Aristotle replied: ‘Love is an impulse which is generated in the heart; when it is once generated, ti moves and grows; afterwards it becomes mature. When it has become mature it is joined by affections of appetite whenever the lower the lover in the depth of his heart increases in his excitement, his perseverance, his desire, his concentrations, and his wishes. And that brings him to cupidity and urges him to demands, until it brings him to disquieting grief, continuous sleeplessness, and hopeless passion and sadness and destruction of mind’.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2424)

“Eloquence is the companion of peace, the ally of leisure, and, so to say, the offspring of a well-ordered state.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2430)

“There was also another kind of symbol, of the following sort: ‘Do not step over a balance’, i.e. do not be covetous: ‘Do not poke the fire with a sword’, i.e. do not vex with sharp words a man swollen with anger; “Do not pluck the crown’, i.e. do not offend against the laws which are the crowns of cities. Or again, ‘Do not eat heart’, i.e. do not vex yourself with grief: ‘Do not sit on the corn ration’, i.e. do not live in idleness; ‘When on a journey do not turn back’, i.e. when you are dying, do not cling to this life; ‘Do not walk the highway’, i.e. do not follow the opinions of the many but pursue those of the few and educated; ‘Do not receive swallows in your house’, i.e. do not take into your house talkative men who cannot control their tongues; ‘Add to the burdens of the burdened, do not lighten them’, i.e. contribute to no man’s sloth, but to his excellence; ‘Do not carry images of the gods in your rings’, i.e. do not make your thought and pseech about the gods manifest and obvious, nor show it to many; ‘Make your libations to the gods at the ear of the cup’, i.e. celebrate and honour the gods with music, for this goes through the ears.” Aristotle The Complete Works of Aristotle (2442)



"Silence in woman means not only glory, means a world of mystery. It sometimes takes the fragile look on her face away and sometimes it illuminates the fragility." Goran Sabah

““Nie ma niepodległości bez internetu.” Kamil Reichel - Mensis XXII October MMXX

““Ideologia komunsityczna, opierająca się na sile i kładmistwie, tworzyła sztuczny świat, w którym ‘demokracja’ oznaczła bezwzględną dyktaturę, ‘postęp’ - obalenie wartości i absolutyzację władzy, ‘nauka’ zaś - prymitywną wiarę w zaklęcia ideologów” Wojciech Roszkowski Historia Polski 1914-2005 (151)

“If I were a rich man, I would pay for the privilege of teaching.” Edward J. Rozek

"Money is the root of all good." Francisco d'Anconia

“Proszę pamiętać, że Niemcy znajdowali swoich Quislingów we wszsytkich krajach okupwanych, ale nie w Polsce.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (539)

“Powstanie warszawskie bylo największą bitwą stoczoną przez europejski ruch oporu.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (556)

“zniszczenie niemieckiego limitartyzmu i narodowego socjalizmu i stworzenie gwarancji, że Niemcy już nigdy więecj nie będą w możności zakłócić pokoju świata...Nie leży naszym zamiarze zniszczenie narodu niemieckiego, jednak wtedy tylko, gdy narodowy socjalizm i miltiarnyzm zostaną wykorzenione, będzie nadzieja na stworzenie warunków przyzwoitego życia dla Niemców i danie im miejsca w społeczności narodów.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (575)

“Można zatem bez większej przesady stwierdzić, że postanowienia szefów trzech wielkich mocarstw (Wielka Brytania, ZSRR, USA) stanowiły determinujący czynnik w określeniu granic powojennej Europy, w szczególności zaś wyznaczaly miejsce i rolę państw średnich i małych na kontynencie europejskim. Odnosilo się to zwłąszcza do ustyuowaynch w orbicie radziekeich wpływów krajów demokracji ludowej, w tym również Polski. Zakres ich suwerenności okreśłony był przez skalę stopniowego zdominowania przez stalinizmu systemu władzy i modelu ekonomiczno-społecznego.” Karol Grunberg Czasy Wojny 1939-1945 (637)

"Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail." Ralph Waldo Emerson

"The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers." Thomas Jefferson

"Dictum ac factum." "No sooner said than done."

"Doing stuff is over rated, Hitler did a lot of stuff and don't we all wish that he just sat around the house getting stoned?"

“Kocha się raz, potem drugi i trzeci...” Z polskim na ty B1 (94)

“Nie jest ważne, czy kot jest biały, czy czarny, póki i łowi myszy.” Nowy maksum Chinów

“Nowa administracja zniósła zakaz przymowania homoseksualistów do służby wojskowej - to było w kręgach liberalno-lewicowych postawie (political correctness) nakazującej nie tylko ochraniać, lecz preferować wszelkie mniejszości występujące w społeczeństwie, co wyznaczyło ogół Amerykanów na faktycznie problemy tych grup, ale prowadzilo do wynaturzeń i śmieszności - zakaz wystawanianie chionek w Boże Narodżenie.” Najnowsza historia świata 1979-1995

„Władzy raz zdobytej nigdy nie oddamy.” Władysław Gomułka

“We have restricted credit, we have restricted opportunity, we have controlled development, and we have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the civilized world--no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and the duress of small groups of dominant men.” Woodrow Wilson

“I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated governments in the civilized world. No longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men." Woodrow Wilson

“A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is privately concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men who, even if their action be honest and intended for the public interest, are necessarily concentrated upon the great undertakings in which their own money is involved and who necessarily, by very reason of their own limitations, chill and check and destroy genuine economic freedom.” Woodrow Wilson

“The Council on Foreign Relations, another member of the international complex, financed by the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations, overwhelmingly propagandizes the globalist concept. This organization became virtually an agency of the government when World War II broke out. The Rockefeller Foundation had started and financed certain studies known as the War and Peace Studies, manned largely by associates of the Council; the State Department, in due course, took these studies over, retaining the major personnel which the Council on Foreign Relations had supplied.” Rene A. Wormser

“He who doesn't risk never gets to drink champagne.” Russian Proverb

“Painting is silent poetry." Plutarch

“Painting is poetry that is seen rather than felt, and poetry is painting that is felt rather than seen." Leonardo da Vinci

“Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better."  André Gide

“Great art picks up where nature ends."  Marc Chagall

“Let me ask you something, what is not art?"  Author Unknown

“God and other artists are always a little obscure."  Oscar Wilde

“There is no surer method of evading the world than by following Art, and no surer method of linking oneself to it than by Art."  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

“Art is... a question mark in the minds of those who want to know what's happening." Aaron Howard

“The world today doesn't make sense, so why should I paint pictures that do?"  Pablo Picasso

“I want to reach that condensation of sensations that constitutes a picture."Henri Matisse, Notes d'un peintre, 1908

“Art is your emotions flowing in a river of imagination." Devin, Los Cerros Middle School, 1999

“Art is an adventure that never seems to end." Jason, Los Cerros Middle School, 1999

“Art is pictures straight from the heart." Ben, Los Cerros Middle School, 1999

“Art is indeed not the bread but the wine of life." Jean Paul Richter

“Coloring outside the lines is a fine art." Kim Nance

“An artist is a dreamer consenting to dream of the actual world."  George Santayana

“Art is like a border of flowers along the course of civilization." Lincoln Steffens

“Art is not a thing; it is a way."Elbert Hubbard

“The artist is a receptacle for the emotions that come from all over the place:  from the sky, from the earth, from a scrap of paper, from a passing shape, from a spider's web." Pablo Picasso

“Grammar stops at love, and at art." Terri Guillemets

“Artistry is an innate distrust of the theory of reality concocted by the five senses." Robert Brault

“The true painter strives to paint what can only be seen through his world." André Malraux

“An artist never really finishes his work; he merely abandons it." Paul Valéry

“An artist cannot talk about his art any more than a plant can discuss horticulture." Jean Cocteau, Newsweek, 16 May 1955

“A man's work is nothing but this slow trek to rediscover, through the detours of art, those two or three great and simple images in whose presence his heart first opened." Albert Camus

“O, how much simpler things would be. If eyes could paint or brush could see." Robert Brault

“Science is out of the reach of morals, for her eyes are fixed upon eternal truths.  Art is out of the reach of morals, for her eyes are fixed upon things beautiful and immortal and ever-changing.  To morals belong the lower and less intellectual spheres."  Oscar Wilde, The Critic as Artist, 1891

“Art, as far as it is able, follows nature, as a pupil imitates his master; thus your art must be, as it were, God's grandchild." Dante Alighieri, Inferno

“Art is Man's nature.  Nature is god's art." James Bailey

“Naprawdę nie potrafić nic nie robić.” MK - 29 marca 2011

“"It is easy to love a skunk, but only on the silver screen, and if in real life, at a considerable distance. I think of Congress that way. Every two to six years, they dress up in full makeup pretending to ... change, vowing to correct what hasn't been corrected, promising discipline as opposed to profligate overspending and under-taxation, and striving to balance the budget when all others have failed. Oooh Pepe—Mon Cheri! But don’t believe them—hold your nose instead. Without attacking entitlements—Medicare, Medicaid and social security, we are smelling $1 trillion deficits as far as the nose can sniff. Entitlement of spending is where the money is and you need to reform it. It is like comparing Pluto to Saturn and Jupiter," he said. "This country appears to have an off-balance sheet, unrecorded debt burden of close to 500 percent of GDP; we are out-Greeking the Greeks. The only way out of this dilemma, absent of very large entitlement cuts, is to default in one of four ways: 1) Outright default via contractual abrogation, surely unthinkable 2) surreptitiously via accelerating and unexpectedly higher inflation 3) deceptively via a declining dollar and 4) stealthily via policy rates and Treasury yields far below historic levels, paying savers less on their money and hoping they won’t complain. Perhaps there’s just a stink bomb that the Congressional sergeant-at-arms sets off every time they convene and the gravel falls to signify the beginning of the people’s business. Perhaps. But in all cases, citizens of America—hold your noses. You ain't smelled anything yet." Bill Gross

“"Gold lies on the streets and you just need to dig it up with ideas. Ideas are like the shovel.” Peter Florjancic

“Wśród panów wykształcała się świadomość wyższości i protekcycyjności, a zarazem naturalności takiego a nie innego stanu rzeczy, w którym obowiązkiem chłopa jest służyć interesom pana. Wśród chłopów zaś z jednej strony uwidaczniały się postawy poddańcze, a z drugiej postawy buntownicze, które doprowadzily nieraz do ostrych wybuchów.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (83) - RCT

“Poczucie wspólnoty rodzinnej, a rodowej wśród szlachty, było silne. Rodzina stanowila równocześnie podstawową jednostkę gospodarczą.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (278)

“Szpitale, mając charakter instytucji charatytywnych - przytułków, nie wchodzily w grę miejsca, gdzie odzyskiwać można by zdrowie.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (282)

„Ever since childhood I have scorned the commonplace limits so often set upon human ambition. Possessions, outward success, publicity, luxury — to me have always been contemptible. I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life is best for everyone, best both for the body and the mind. My passionate interest in social justice and social responsibility has always stood in curious contrast to a marked lack of desire for direct association with men and women. I am a horse for single harness, not cut out for tandem or team work. I have never belonged wholeheartedly to country or state, to my circle of friends, or even to my own family. These ties have always been accompanied by a vague aloofness, and the wish to withdraw into myself increases with the years.“ Albert Einstein

“Character is not cut in marble; it is not something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, and may become diseased as our bodies do.” George Eliot

“No change of circumstances can repair a defect of character.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” Abraham Lincoln

“Another flaw in the human character is that everybody wants to build and nobody wants to do maintenance.” Kurt Vonnegut

"I'm having a very good crisis." George Soros - who made £1 billion as the world plunged into recession

"It is, in a way, the culminating point of my life’s work." George Soros

„Róbcie z młodzieży szlacheckiej i miejskiej jeden naród. Niszczcie między nimi niechęć. Zakrzewiajajcie wzajemną miłość. Dajcie im równie uczyć, że gdy się wspólnie trzymać będą, Polska zostanie wolną, mocną, sławną.“ Stanisław Staszic Przestrogi dla Polski (1790) (765)

„Because your future...is the most important commodity.“ Kerry Trading International

“Interesting how they try to value things. Is a technological advancement worth as much as oil? Do medical breakthroughs have value?? What about wheat?? They could "subsist" and hamper, but would be years behind on almost any front except oil extraction. Tell them to STFU or we'll cut off their internet! Maybe we'll have a weapons malfunction and a ballistic missile will hit randomly some where - then we can sell them protection. The Mafia is alive and well. As it is, it appears, if it is factual, we are nipping it in the bud - So to speak." Tarzan - Fastopia

"Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend." By Martin Luther King Jr.

“...zabawa nad historią naturalną jest zabawą niewinną.” Krzysztof Kluk O Rolnictwie (CXII)

“Freedom is not free."

"It is the soldier, not the reporter who has given us the freedom of the press. It is the soldier, not the poet, who has given us the freedom of speech. It is the soldier, not the campus organizer, who gives us the freedom to demonstrate. It is the soldier who salutes the flag, who serves beneath the flag, and whose coffin is draped by the flag, who allows the protester to burn the flag." Father Dennis Edward O'Brien, USMC

“"Gold lies on the streets and you just need to dig it up with ideas. Ideas are like the shovel.” Peter Florjancic

“Wśród panów wykształcałą się śiwadomość wyżnoszości i protekcycyjności, a zarazem naturlaności takeigo a nie innego stanu rzeczy, w którym obowiązkiem chłopa jest służyć interesom pana. Wśród chłopów zaś z jednej storny uwidaczniały się postawy poddańcze, a z drugiej postawy buntownicze, które doprowadzily nieraz do ostrych wybuchów.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (83)

“Poczucie wspólnoty rodzinnej, a rodowej wśród szlachty, było silne. Rodzina stanowila równocześnie podstawową jednostkę gospdoarczą.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (278)

“Szpitale, mając charakter instytucji charatytywnych - przytułków, nei wchodzily w grę miejsca, gdize odzyskiwać można by zdrowie.” Jerzy Topolski Polska w Czasach Nowożytnych 1501-1795 (282)

„Ever since childhood I have scorned the commonplace limits so often set upon human ambition. Possessions, outward success, publicity, luxury — to me have always been contemptible. I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life is best for everyone, best both for the body and the mind. My passionate interest in social justice and social responsibility has always stood in curious contrast to a marked lack of desire for direct association with men and women. I am a horse for single harness, not cut out for tandem or team work. I have never belonged wholeheartedly to country or state, to my circle of friends, or even to my own family. These ties have always been accompanied by a vague aloofness, and the wish to withdraw into myself increases with the years.“ Albert Einstein

“Character is not cut in marble; it is not something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, and may become diseased as our bodies do.” George Eliot

“No change of circumstances can repair a defect of character.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” Abraham Lincoln

“Another flaw in the human character is that everybody wants to build and nobody wants to do maintenance.” Kurt Vonnegut

'I'm having a very good crisis. It is, in a way, the culminating point of my life’s work' says Soros - who made £1billion as the world plunged into recession

„Because your future...is the most important commodity.“ Kerry Trading International

"Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend." By Martin Luther King Jr.

“...zabawa nad historią naturalną jest zabawą niewinną.” (CXII) CXII - Krzysztof Kluk

Rolnictwo “jest sztuka i umiejętność pożytecznie i z wielkim zyskiem handel prowadzić z ziemią.” Cicero - Krzysztof Kluk O Rolnictwie (10)

“Słowem, rolnictwo doskonałe z filozofią złączone jest i tym się staje doskonalsze, im się bardziej doskonali filozofia.” Krzysztof Kluk O Rolnictwie (17)

„Agricola femper in nouum annum.“ Jakub Kazimierz Haur Skłab Abo Skarbiec Znakomitych Sekretów Oekoomicy Ziemiańskiej (156)

„O Przemierzłym zbytku, y piianftwie beftpalski, roże fa przeftrogi y opifania zacych y poważnych Autorow i alec y Kochanowska w fwoiey o tym nie przepomniał napifać Ksiedże, folio 195. ad folium 198. lecz y fam człowiek przy dobrym rozumie, niech fie nie datemu powoli nałogowi, gdyż idzie o laske napdroz Boga, o przyftoyniuie fwoi, o vitrate dobrego mienia, y zdrowia, a potym o żywne pieczny; ponieważ każdy piianica bez wftyu na wßtko zle rofpafany, famemu fie podobnym ftate Szatanowi. Ten zbytek poßedl z Niemiec, iako Wloz powiadaia, dla tego tych czas ieft to we Wloßech, choc fie tam Polak, abo inney nacyey Człowiek rupiie...“ Jakub Kazimierz Haur Skłab Abo Skarbiec Znakomitych Sekretów Oekoomicy Ziemiańskiej (158)

„Niemiec fia vpil, ale to vcießnieyßa, gay zaś Niemiec obaczy piianego Polaka, to rzecze, Swin Pol, a on fam w tym ieft wiekßa śwubuam bi gi w Szafara zouia.“ Jakub Kazimierz Haur Skłab Abo Skarbiec Znakomitych Sekretów Oekoomicy Ziemiańskiej (158)

„Albowiem gdy będzie ochota, chęć, guft, y kontentowanie w rolnych do czytania politycznych Autorach nie trzeba będzie od kogo anifzego zażywać rozumu, rady, abo potrzebować compofiticy, boć to ofłatnia, cudza na pamięć czytać in publicis lectia, pewniefza lectia, pewnieyfza zawfze fwoia w domu u applicatia.“ Jakub Kazimierz Haur Skłab Abo Skarbiec Znakomitych Sekretów Oekoomicy Ziemiańskiej (166)

„Prima philofophia, eft, meditatio mortis.“ Jakub Kazimierz Haur Skłab Abo Skarbiec Znakomitych Sekretów Oekoomicy Ziemiańskiej (171)

Poland „is the most human of nations.“ Norman Davies God‘s Playground (xiii)

„The historian, like the camera, always lies. He is incapable of telling they whole truth. All he can do is to recognize the particular distortions to which his work is inevitably subject, and to avoid the grosser forms of retouching and excision.“ Norman Davies God‘s Playground (vii)

„For Daniel So that he may know and love the land of his birth, (if he wants to).“ Norman Davies God‘s Playground

“Jedynie Niemcy są panami życia i śmierci, tylko oni będą na tych ziemiach organizatorami i administratorami we wszsytkich dziedzinach.” Karol Grunberg

"They were given our money for free. So the people we know who normally put money in a bank make a dime or next to nothing. So, the banks are paying nothing and charging an awful lot. And that is ok because we have new regulations. Well, it is not ok. It is the way it is going to... be, because…you know…it isn't so hot. I have never seen a bigger wealth transfer. These guys actually have the nerve to essentially criticize the administraiton for doing what it wants. There has been a lot of lip service about taking these guys to the woodshed but they have done nothing. They are right about the fact that the president has villified these guys, but he surely has done nothing to stop them. It is just like with ... See Morethe baseball umpire and Lou Piniella and how he said he just ran out to argue just to argue. Ok, you ran out there but you didn't do anything. So, we have a president who talks about these guys and invites them to the White House and what is the deal? They all had glasses of water with no ice in it and they got a cracker to show them how it is going to be? They go and hop into their corporate jets. I mean who is kidding who? Give me a million dollar check. Come on." Tom Haugh July 15, 2010

"Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." John 14:6

“Male parta male dilabuntur - What has been wrongly gained is wrongly lost."

"Nemo prudens punit, quia peccatum est, sed ne peccetur“ No wise man punishes because a wrong has been done, but so that no wrong will be done.“ Sececa

"Omnia mea mecum porto." "All that's mine I carry with me."

“Nihil agendo homines male agere discunt. By doing nothing, men learn to act wickedly."

“An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest”. Benjamin Franklin

"Difficile est tacere cum doleas." Marcus Tullius Cicero "Difficult is silence with pain."

“...potrzeby ludzkie zawdze przewyższają środki...” Witold Kula Rozwój Gospodarczy Polski XVI-XVIII w. (44)

“Where there is much light, the shadow tends to be deep.” Goethe

“Każda wojna powoduje nie tylko bezpośrednie straty w ludziach, ale jednocześnie obniża poziom życia, pogarsza warunki materialne szerokich warstw, powodując tym samym wzrost umieralności.” Witold Kula Rozwój Gospodarczy Polski XVI-XVIII w. (76)

"When evening has come, I return to my house and go into my study. At the door I take off my clothes of the day, covered with mud and mire, and I put on my regal and courtly garments; and decently reclothed, I enter the ancient courts of ancient men, where, received by them lovingly, I feed on the food that alone is mine and that I was born for. There I am not ashamed to speak with them and to ask them the reason for their actions; and they in their humanity reply to me. And for the space of four hours I feel no boredom, I forget every pain, I do not fear poverty, death does not frighten me. I deliver myself entirely to them." Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince

„The future depends on what we do in the present.“ Mahatma Gandhi

„...inflacja była uważana faktycznie za podatek - podobnie deflację traktowano jako wydatek skarbu...“ Witold Kula Rozwój Gospodarczy Polski XVI-XVIII w. (116)

"Liberty can not be preserved without a general knowledge among the people ... Let us dare to read, think, speak and write." John Adams

"As Weishaupt lived under the tyranny of a despot and priests, he knew that caution was necessary even in spreading information, and the principles of pure morality. This has given an air of mystery to his views, was the foundation of his banishment. ... If Weishaupt had written here, where no secrecy is necessary in our endeavors to render men wise and virtuous, he would not have thought of any secret machinery for that purpose." Thomas Jefferson

„Historia społeczno-gospodarcza jest całością niepodzielną. Nie ma w niej zagadnień wyłącznie społecznych lub wyłącznie gospodarczych. Każdy problem gospodarczy ma swoje - często zapoznawane - oblicze społecnz,e każde zaś zagadnienia społeczne ma swoje podłoże gospodarcze. Historia gospdoarcza bez społecznej jest czymś niepdopowiedzialnym. Historia społeczna bez gospodarczej jest niezrozumiała.“ Witold Kula Przywilej Społeczny a Postęp Gospodarczy (169)

„Ludzka działalność gospdoarcza jest działalnością celową. Cel jej jest ten sam od zarania ludzkości.“ Witold Kula Przywilej Społeczny a Postęp Gospodarczy (170)

„Tożsamość celu działalności gospodarczej we wszsytkich epokach, krajach i klasach wynika po prostu ex definitione działalności gospodarczej. Po prostu taką właśnie działalność nazywamy działalnością gospodarczą - której celem jest produkcja.“ Witold Kula Przywilej Społeczny a Postęp Gospodarczy(170)

„Ludzkość waha się nir między złem a dobrem, lecz między złem a gorszem.“ Balzac (178)

„Nie ulega wątpliwości, że cechą szlachcia - jedną z najistotniejszych w tworzonym stereotypowym portrecie szlachcica doby stanisławowskiej, ale nie tylko, ponieważ również później zachowuje ona trwałość - jest dbałość o szeroko pojętą pomyślność własną i rodu, na którego czele on stoi bądź z którego się wywodzi.“ Dariusz Rolni Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (51)

„Szlachta lubiła i ceniła sobie spokój oraz domowe i rodzinne zacisze, a sprawy związane z funkcjonowaniem, rozwojem rodu bardzo ją zajmowały.“ Dariusz Rolni Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (52)

„Spokój niewątpliwie był zatem dla szlachty czasów stanisławowskich wartością jedną z najcenniejszych, porównywalną zarówno z Ojczyzną, jak i własną - rodziny - pomyślnością także w sferze ekonomicznej.“ Dariusz Rolni Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (53)

„Dom gwarantował spokój, będąc jednocześnie azylem przed problemami wszelkimi. Ty wszsytko zdawało się prawie zawsze piękne, spokojne i ciche...“ Dariusz Rolni Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (54)

„So what address are you? Lill St, Wall ST, Krakow or 1,600 Pennslyvania Ave???“ Thomas Jankowski - September 2, 2011

“The History of the World is not intelligible apart from a Government of the World.” — W. V. Humboldt

“The only thing more expensive than education is ignorance.” Benjamin Franklin

„Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people.“ Theodore Roosevelt

„The real menace of our republic is the invisible government...The little coterie of powerful international bankers virtually runs the United States government for their own selfish purposes.“ John F. Hylan - Mayor of New York City

„The real truth of the matter is that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government since the days of Andrew Jackson.“ Franklin D. Roosevelt

„After Franklin had explained...to the British government as the real cause of prosperity, they imemdiately passed laws, forbidding the payment of taxes in that money. This produced such great inconvenience and misery to the people, that it was the principal cause of the revolution.“ Peter Cooper 1791-1883 Vice-President of the New York Board of Currency

„And I sincerely believe...that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies; and that the principle of spending money to be paid by prosperity, under the name of funding, is but swindling futurity on a large scale.“ Thomas Jefferson 1816

„Banking was conceived in iniquity and was born in sin. The bankers own the earth...if you wish to remain the slaves of bankers and pay the cost of your own salvery, let them continue to create money.“ Sir Josiah Stamp

"Quod est inferius est sicut quod est superius, et quod est superius est sicut quod est inferius - As below, so above and as above, so below."

“To, co było marzeniem szlachcica, spokój, gospodarstwo, szczęście rodzinne, włościanin miał w zagrodzie.” Dariusz Rolnik Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (93)

"The greatest enemy of truth is very often not the lie - deliberate, contrived and dishonest - but the myth - persistent, persuasive and unrealistic." JFK, June 11, 1962

"You know I am a juggler, and I never let my right hand know what my left hand does. I'm perfectly willing to mislead and tell untruths." FDR, May 1941 (Morgan p 550)

"Karl Marx is going to win this war." Father Coughlin



"Over the weekend, the battle has shifted. German authorities talk openly of the likelihood of a Greek default. They are said to be developing a plan to backstop German banks in the event of a Greek default. That puts pressure on other banks, especially French banks, since there is no Gallic backstop plan. Collateral damage could be to bring no bids to the next Greek auction, or make them pay such high rates as to make the auction toxic. The Euro crisis is quickly evolving into a Gordian Knot....U.S. markets are at near-critical levels. The uptrend line that caused the last bounce (S&P 1140) is around 1145. Key support levels are 1140, 1132, 1120 and ultimately 1101. The new Battle of Thermopylae is on the way." Art Cashin September 12, 2011

"…there are so many momentary and short-term forces affecting price movement and having absolutely nothing to do with value itself. The market operates not on value but on the perception of value, and that is the key to the whole thing." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (46)

"March-May - Buy furniture." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets

"June-August - Buy cheap menswear and beach gear." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets

"September-November - Buy a car of last year's vintage." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets

"November-December - Winter time spike - Mutual fund distributions, holiday and year-end bonuses, year-end corporate dividend disbursements, and bonus payments to top executives." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets

"Do not hope, act." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (272)

"The stock market is a leading indicator of the economy, not the other way around." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (272)

"Analysts from brokerage firms are selling and want you to buy." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (273)

"Watching CNBC has never made anyone any money." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (273)

"Fifty-two week highs are bullish." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (273)

"The best times to buy and sell are at 10:30 A.M. and 3:45 P.M." J. Christoph Amberger Hot Trading Secrets (273)

“Pamiętnikarz szybko właśnie w Warszawie dowiedział się, że najskuteczniejszym środkiem prowadzenia polityki są pieniądze, za nie można zyskać poparcie, urząd, właściwie to, co się chce i co w takim dworskim życiu ważne, one gwarantują rozgłos na salonach stolicy.” Dariusz Rolnik Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (169)

„Niemiec z natury nieprzyjacielem Polaków.“ Por. Niemcewicz (383)

„Uważano bowiem, że to nie państwo, nie naród się liczy, ale tylko pieniądze.“ Dariusz Rolnik Portret Szlachty Czasow Stanisławkowskich - Epoki Kryzysu, Odrodzenia i Upadku Rzeczypospolitej w Pamiętnikach Polskich (429)

„First they came for the communists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for me
and there was no one left to speak out for me.“ pastor Martin Niemöller (1892–1984)

„Hi, Chris. This is Dave from Jersey. I am a subscriber. I love your show. My question is when is the way in which miners sell and profit from precious metals going to be unhooked from this Comex travesty and what other mechanism are there out there to replace Comex. It seems that this is a system that just cann‘t sustain itself. The cats really out of the bag. It seems that they are have really exposed who and what they are if there was any question really based on the actions over the past week I also have a comment because I am fascinated by both inevsting and studying the Bible. In Genesis 2 there is what seems to be an offhand remark about. It says that gold in the land of Havullah is ver good, which is pretty interesting because the other things that are described as good are no less than light and the things created on the several days of creation. So, here you‘ve got God defining inherent value and unless anyone thinks that‘s a casual observation, if you look at the very end of the book of the Bible, you are going to see what just everyone knows is the mark of the beast, where what happens with inherent value. Inherent value is no longer any good for anything unless human authority says that you have permission to use it according to their rules. That‘s in Revelation 13. In Revelation 6, we also have wages basically limited to denarias for a quart of wheat which is a day‘s wage. SO, God apparently doesn‘t like price fixing either in labor, in people‘s blood, sweat and tears, or in things like gold. So, this system obviously should take note that one day that temple is going be cleansed and true value is going to find its justification in a dishonest system. Thanks guys for a great show. Take care.“ Goldseek Radio - Bible Quotes and The Bible - Very Weird 1 - May 15, 2011.aifc

“Europeans tend to stereotype Americans as big, brash, ebullient, outspoken, and energetic.” James L. Stokesbury A Short History of World War II (179)

“Russians and Germans both, then Germans, then Russians, combined to destroy the Poles as a people. To be a Pole was almost - but not quite - the most unfortunate thing a person could be in World War II.” James L. Stokesbury A Short History of World War II (196)

„Monarchia i Szlachta - dwa lwy zrodzone tego samego dnia.“ Szekspir

„Mocą panom nie zdołamy, prawem nie wygramy.“ Anonim, 1607 r.

"Interesting how they try to value things. Is a technological advancement worth as much as oil? Do medical breakthroughs have value?? What about wheat?? They could "subsist" and hamper, but would be years behind on almost any front except oil extraction. Tell them to STFU or we'll cut off their internet! Maybe we'll have a weapons malfunction and a ballistic missile will hit randomly some where - then we can sell them protection. The Mafia is alive and well. As it is, it appears, if it is factual, we are nipping it in the bud - So to speak." http://fastopia.proboards.com/index.cgi?action=display&board=exchange&thread=21570&page=1#198628#ixzz1RGZs5Mkw

“Ubi deficiunt humana consilia ibi incipiunt Divina auxilia.” Jakub Kazimierz Haur (78)

"Nauka jest autorytetem."

“Gold is money. Everything else is credit.” JP Morgan, 1912

"I don't understand your optimism,' Ben Gurion declared. 'Why should the Arabs make peace? If I was an Arab leader I would never make terms with Israel. That is natural: we have taken their country. Sure, God promised it to us, but what does that matter to them? Our God is not theirs. We come from Israel, it's true, but two thousand years ago, and what is that to them? There has been antisemitism, the Nazis, Hitler, Auschwitz, but was that their fault? They only see one thing: we have come here and stolen their country. Why should they accept that? They may perhaps forget in one or two generations' time, but for the moment there is no chance. So it's simple: we have to stay strong and maintain a powerful army. Our whole policy is there. Otherwise the Arabs will wipe us out.'"—David Ben-Gurion, quoted in: N. Goldmann, The Jewish Paradox, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, (1978), p. 99.

“Antypolskie knowania Fryderyka Wielkiego z carycą Katarzyną (nawiasem m.wiąc, rodowitą Niemką), rozbiory Rzeczpospolitej, sojusz czarnych orł.w, tradycje bismarckowskie, układ z Rapallo i pakt Ribbentrop-Mołotow wydają się układać w jeden łańcuch.” Pomocnik Historyczny 6/2011

„Nie tylko rząd, ale także my sami tak przyzwyczailiśmy się do myśli, że nie można dobrze rządzić Rosją bez Niemc.w, iż wydałoby się nam po prostu nie do wiary, że rosyjski gabinet ministr.w, rosyjska armia mogłyby się obejść bez Nesselrodego, Kankrina, Dybicza, Beneckendorff a, Adlerberga”. Pomocnik Historyczny 6/2011

„...jest nam bezwarunkowo potrzebna wsp.łpraca z Rosją.” Nietzsche

„Grożą nam okropności inwazji nieprzyjacielskiej. (...) Zwycięstwo despotyzmu rosyjskiego, kt.ry splamił się krwią najlepszych syn.w Rosji, zagraża naszemu narodowi i jego przyszłości. Przed tym niebezpieczeństwem musimy się bronić, musimy zabezpieczyć kulturę i niezależność naszego kraju” Hugo Haase

„Polska musi zostać wykończona. Taki jest cel mojej polityki. (...) Z tego też powodu zawarłem układ w Rapallo”. Kanclerz Joseph Wirth

„Istnienie Polski jest nieznośne, nie do pogodzenia z warunkami życia Niemiec. Polska musi zniknąć i zniknie za sprawą własnej wewnętrznej słabości i za sprawą Rosji – z naszą pomocą. Wraz z Polską runie jeden z najsilniejszych fi lar.w traktatu wersalskiego, czyli hegemonia Francji. Osiągnięcie tego celu musi być jednym z podstawowych zadań niemieckiej polityki zagranicznej, i to zadaniem wykonalnym. Wykonalne jest to jedynie dzięki Rosji lub z jej pomocą. Rosja i Niemcy w granicach z 1914 r., na takim gruncie powinno dojść do porozumienia między dwoma krajami.” Kanclerz Joseph Wirth

„Rosja dałaby wystarczająco dużo ziemi dla niemieckich osadnik.w i byłaby szerokim polem działania dla niemieckiego przemysłu.” Hitler

„Wstrzymujemy odwieczny poch.d germański na południe i zach.d Europy i kierujemy sw.j wzrok na tereny na wschodzie”, pisał Hitler w „Mein Kampf”. Adolf Hitler

„Gdy m.wimy dziś o nowych ziemiach w Europie, myślimy przede wszystkim o Rosji i podległych jej państwach kresowych”. Przekonywał, że „nowa Rzesza musi zn.w rozpocząć marsz szlakiem dawnych rycerzy zakonnych”. Hitler

„Olbrzymie państwo na wschodzie dojrzało do upadku. Kres panowania Żyd.w w Rosji będzie też końcem Rosji jako państwa. Jesteśmy wybrani przez los na świadk.w nowej katastrofy, kt.ra stanie się wielkim potwierdzeniem narodowej teorii rasowej”. Hitler

„Zbrojenia nadal w pełnym toku. Wkładamy w nie bajeczne sumy. W 1938 r. będziemy całkowicie gotowi. Będzie to rozprawa z bolszewizmem. (...) Mamy zapewnioną dominację w Europie. Tylko nie przegapić okazji. Zbroić się”. Joseph Goebbels

„Co może oferować Rosji Anglia? W najlepszym wypadku udział w wojnie europejskiej i wrogość Niemiec. (…) Co natomiast możemy zaproponować my? Neutralność i pozostanie poza ewentualnym konfl iktem europejskim, a także, gdyby Moskwa tego chciała, niemiecko-rosyjskie porozumienie w sprawach interesujących obie strony, co, tak jak w dawnych czasach, dałoby korzyść obu [naszym] krajom”. Karl Schnurr - ambasador - 26 lipca 1939

“Przeszłość nie wraca jak żywe zjaiwsko, w dawnej postaci - jednak nie umiera: odmienia tylko miejsce, czas, nazwisko, i świeższe kształty dla siebie przybiera.” Adam Asnyk Fijołki

“My country right or wrong.” Stephen Decatur

“Bulls get rich, bears get rich, but pigs get slaughtered An Irishman is never at his best except when fighting.”   Proverb, Irish

“The bigger the lie, the more realistic it appears.” Goebbels

“You and I have had the pleasure of experiencing two miracles: The creation of the State of Israel and the signing of the agreement with Germany. I was resopnsible for the first, and you were responsible for the second.” David Ben-Gurion to Nahum Goldman, president of the World Zionist Organization

“When the people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is liberty.” Thomas Jefferson

“Dissent is the highest form of patriotism.” Thomas Jefferson

“A government big enough to give you everything you want, is big enough to take away everything you have.” Thomas Jefferson

“The democracy will cease to exist when you take away from those who are willing to work and give to those who would not.” Thomas Jefferson

"Goldman Sachs rules the world." Alessio Rastani

"I go to bed every night, I dream of another recession." Alessio Rastani

"Independent traders are, well, independent," Salmon noted. "You don't need to spend very much time hanging around the comments section at Zero Hedge to discern a strong nihilistic and even anti-capitalist strain to much of the thinking in that community. Independent traders are often men in their 20s and 30s who inherited a substantial sum of money and who for whatever reason don't have a more attractive opportunity in the regular workforce. They work from home, they tend to have a strong contrarian streak, and they have a lot of time on their hands. "All of which is entirely consistent with the profile of the kind of people who might join or become the Yes Men,"Felix Salmon of Reuters

“It is dangerous to be right in matters on which the established authorities are wrong”. Voltaire

“Jest to rozbudowana forma zorganizowania na danym terenie społeczeństwa i bez ludzi, bez społeczeństwa państwo istnieć nie może. Jednocześnie państwo jest tworem ludzkim, przez ludzi zorganizowanym i dal ludzi działającym.” Andrzej Wyczański Polska Rzeczą Pospolitą Szlachecką (60)

“Stay hungry.” Arnold Schwarzenegger

“A certain act is regarded as....uh....displeasing to divine principles. A certain act is regarded as displeasing for the divine whatever. In the tradition of anuncism however. It is very direct that history is not particularly important. What is actually aprticularly important is here and now. Now is definite now. We try to experience what is available on the spot. There is no point in believing that a past did exist that we could have now. This is now. This very moment. Nothing mystical. Just now. Simple straight forward. And from that nowness however arises a sense of intelligence always that you are constantly interacting with reality - one by one. Spot by spot. Constantly. We actually experience fantastic precision always but we are threatened by the now. So we jump to the past or the future. Paying attention to the materials that exist in our lives. All these choices take place all the time, but none of them are regarded as bad or good per se. unconditional experiences." Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche

“A certain act is regarded as....uh....displeasing to divine principles. A certain act is regarded as displeasing for the divine whatever. In the tradition of anuncism however. It is very direct that history is not particularly important. What is actually aprticularly important is here and now. Now is definite now. We try to experience what is available on the spot. There is no point in believing that a past did exist that we could have now. This is now. This very moment. Nothing mystical. Just now. Simple straight forward. And from that nowness however arises a sense of intelligence always that you are constantly interacting with reality - one by one. Spot by spot. Constantly. We actually experience fantastic precision always but we are threatened by the now. So we jump to the past or the future. Paying attention to the materials that exist in our lives. All these choices take place all t.he time, but none of them are regarded as bad or good per se." Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche

“Buy land, they're not making it anymore.” Mark Twain

“How blind and insane is Europe to the rise of a people which may someday become her own doom.” Frederick the Great on USA

“Poland must be regarded as being situated on the Moon.” Edmund Burke

“The government is best that governs least.” Henr Thoreau

“One Pole - a charmer, two Poles - a brawl; three Poles - ah, that’s the Polish Question.” Voltaire

“Bishop Józef Andrzej, who with Konarski had spent a period of exile at Luneville, founded a collection of books, which was opened in Warsaw in 1748 as the first public library in Europe.” Norman Davies (509)

"Those who stand for nothing fall for anything." Alexander Hamilton

"Leave nothing for tomorrow which can be done today." Abraham Lincoln

"Be polite to all but intimate with few." Thomas Jefferson

„Life without a access to a library in modern times is like living in the stone age without tools and weapons.“ Thomas P. Koziara - 19 November 2011

"Copper, zinc, tin and aluminum collectively have a “Ph.D.” in economics due to their tendency to reflect future economic trends through their price movement."

"As we have said countless times over the years, copper is the metal with the Master’s degree in economics, but the base metals in aggregate have a Ph.D." Dennis Gartman

„The past and present work together in equal parts to write the future.“ Thomas P. Koziara - 28 Novembris MMXI

„Kennst du man sich?“ Koziara

„Najenergicznej bowiem walczyła raczej ludność bogatsza, przyzwyczajona do większej swobody i mniejszych obciążeń, która nie godzila się z narzucaniem pańszcyzzny i nowych ciężarów.“ Polska Rzeczą Pospolitą Szlachecką - Andrzej Wyczański (304)

„There is no such thing as freedom if it is not accompanied with adequate financial means to use freedom.“ November 30, 2011 Thomas P. Koziara

“It is with trifles and when he is off guard that a man best reveals his character.” Arthur Schopenhauer

"Genius without education is like silver in the mine…" Benjamin Franklin

"What was written by a pen, cannot be taken out with an axe." Russian Proverb

"I would rather have a German division in front of me than a French one behind me." George S. Patton

“Jako wiadomo, Rzeczypospolita była krajem rolniczym, pozbawionym większych miast.” Obyaczaje i Postaci Polskiej Szlacheckiej XVI-XVIII Wieku - Zigniew Kuchowicz (98)

“Gość w dom, Bóg w dom.”

“Nie masz nad nad gładkość: ani złoto, ani najdroższy klejnot tak urani jako uroda...” Poeta z połowy XVII wieku (120)

“Pęka szabla, ogień mdleje gdy się gładka twarz rozśmieje.” Poeta z końca XVIII wieku

“Gdybym miał pędzel Rafaela, melodie Mozarta, język Calderona, być może udałoby mi się wyczarować w wasze piersi uczucie jakiego dozbalibyście, jeśli prawdziwa Polka, z krwi i kości, ta nadwiślańska Afrodyta, zjawiła się przed waszymi łaskawmi oczami. Lecz czymże są barwne plany rafaelowskiego pędzla wobec tych piększości, które z radością stworzył Pan Bóg i najweselszych snadź chwalach swoich? Czymże są mocartowskie pobrzękiwania wobec słów (...), które wypływają z różnych warg tej słodkiej kobiety? I czym są kalderonowskie gwiazdy na niebie, czym kwiaty na ziemi wobec kobiety polskiej, którą nazwym nieba. Tak, mój drogi, kto sporzjał w ich oczy gazele, ten wierzy w niebo (...) choćby nawet był najgorliwszym zwolennikiem barona Holbacha.” H. Hein w XIX początku wieku (130)

Anglik Wraxall w XVIII : “Świat nie zna kobiet równie zniewalających, gładkich i czarujących. Nie mają one nic z wstydliwości i chłodu Angielek, nic z rezerwy i wyższości Austriaczek, swobodne, pełne wdzięki i chęci podobania się, są nieśkończenei ujmujące. Jeśli zaś chodi o urodę, to śmiało mogą walczyć o palmę pierwszeństwa z każdem krajem europejskim; wdzięki ich są przy tym stokrotnie pomnożone umiejętnie stosowaną kokieterią.” (130-131)

“Jako ryba bez wody, tak i szlachcic polski bez wolności.” Jan Zamoyski w 1605 w Sejmie (164)

“Polska była chorym ciałem, a źródłem choroby była żydowska niechęć i żądza wzbogacenia się jej kosztem.” Sebastian Śleszkowski

“Wszystkim wiadomo, że wielkie pieniądze mają. Nie orzą, nie sieją, rzemiosła nie robią [...], nic inszego ich nie tuczy, jedno niezmierne lichwy.” Szymon Aleksander Hubicki

“...lichwa żydowska była odpowiedzialna za naszą biedę.” Student padewski

“Żydzi zrujnowali wielu bogaczy w Polsce.” Burmistrz Lublina Sebastian Fabian Klonowicki.

“...handel polski mógłby być znaczny, kraj bowiem jest bogaty i korzystnie położony, ale ddano ten proceder w ręce Żydów oraz kilku cudzoziemców, którzy uczynili go swym wyłącznym przywilejem [...] W ten sposób cały naród znajduje się w rękach Żydów, których powszechnie znane zasady nei ulegały zmianie również w Polsce.” Fortia Piles i Boiseglin de Kerdu (93)

"The media darling, aka the golden boy of the NFL, tried to take a cheap shot at me, so I told him I was going to put some extra on it," Scott told the Sun. "He can do all those shakes he wants, but I wasn't going anywhere. I put a little hot sauce on that ankle." Bart Scott

“Nie masz nad nad gładkość: ani złoto, ani najdroższy klejnot tak urani jako uroda...” Poeta z połowy XVII wieku (120 Obyczaje - Kuchowicz)

“Pęka szabla, ogień mdleje gdy się gładka twarz rozśmieje.” Poeta z końca XVIII wieku (120 Obyczaje - Kuchowicz)

“Uroda wielki orator, wielki mocarz.” (130 Obyczaje - Kuchowicz

“Gdybym miał pędzel Rafaela, melodie Mozarta, język Calderona, być może udałoby mi się wyczarować w wasze piersi uczucie jakiego dozbalibyście, jeśli prawdziwa Polka, z krwi i kości, ta nadwiślańska Afrodyta, zjawiła się przed waszymi łaskawmi oczami. Lecz czymże są barwne plany rafaelowskiego pędzla wobec tych piększości, które z radością stworzył Pan Bóg i najweselszych snadź chwalach swoich? Czymże są mocartowskie pobrzękiwania wobec słów (...), które wypływają z różnych warg tej słodkiej kobiety? I czym są kalderonowskie gwiazdy na niebie, czym kwiaty na ziemi wobec kobiety polskiej, którą nazwym nieba. Tak, mój drogi, kto sporzjał w ich oczy gazele, ten wierzy w niebo (...) choćby nawet był najgorliwszym zwolennikiem barona Holbacha.” H. Hein w XIX początku wieku (130) Obyczaje - Kuchowicz)

‘Please judge me by the enemies I have made.“ FDR

"Co drożßego nad złota? Wolność." Jakub Kazimierz Haur 70 - O Oekonomika

„The Tatars were not like the Moors. Having conquered Russia they did not bring her as a gift either algebra or Aristotle.“ Alexander Pushkin

„Niemiec z natury nieprzyjacielem Polaków.“ Por. Niemcewicz (383)

“Wolność bez obowiązków [...] wolno myśleć, co kto chce, nie wolno czynić, co się nei godzi.” M. Zaleski (276)

„Ludzkość waha się nir między złem a dobrem, lecz między złem a gorszem.“ Balzac (178)

„...immer wieder drängten Slawenstämme nach Westen.“ Deutsch Geschichte - 500-1152 Von Frankenreich zum Deutschen Reich (39)

„W obliczu teraźniejszości przeszłość jest podróżą do obcego świata.“ (10) (Theatrum Świata Wszystkiego i Poćciwy Gospodarz)

“Świat mówi znakami, poznający je także okazywał się być wytwórcą kolejnych generacji znaków.” (136) (Theatrum Świata Wszystkiego i Poćciwy Gospodarz)

„I begin by taking. I shall find scholars afterward to demonstrate my perfect right.“ Frederick the Great

„Just as Prussia has been fated to be the core of Germany, so Germany will be the core of the Germine Empire of the west.“ von Klauzawitz

„Conquered people shall be left with nothing but their eyes to weep with.“ von Klauzawitz

„Never must a scrap of paper come between me and my subjects.“ Prusian king?

„We Germans like to bear arms and we we like the game of war. I shall enlarge your borders.“ William II Hohenzollern

„A German spark has always ignited the fire. Soon everything will be aflame.“ William II Hohenzollern

„I was, for a little while, unable to believe that such things would in fact be done by any government that had subscribed to the human practices of civilized nations...“ Woodrow Wilson

„The offer of peace must be transmitted immediately. The Army cannot wait another forty-eight hours.“ von Luddendorf - 1 October 1918

"Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people." FDR

“Only the paranoid survive.“ Andrew S. Grove

„Nie zna gorszej zarazy dla państwa niż ten naród.“ Maria Theresa o Żydach

„Żydzi są naszego kraju letnią i zimową szarańczą. Te obadwa stworzeń gatunki przyśpieszają bieg pieniędzy, łatwią bogactw odmianę, ubożą ludzi pracowitych, najżyźniejsze pola niszczą, wsie napełniają nędzą, a powietrze zarażają zgnilizną. Żydowstwo nasze wsie uboży a nasze miasta smrodem napycha [...] Żydzi, ostateczny morłoch, omaniony swojej religii licznymii do samych zmysłow przystosowanymi obrządkami, które tak są mocne w człowieku, więcej do nabierania zwyczajów niżeli do myślenia skłonnym, noszą dotychczas ducha próżnowania i tułactwa pierwszych swoich ojców, pasterzy. Równie zakon żīdowski, jak niegdyś zakon naszych teplarzów, krzyżaków etc, etc, w żadnym czasie pracować nie chciał, tylko pielgrzymować≤ włóczyć się, modlić i cudze ziemie łupić.“ (Stanisław Staszic

„...gdzie samola jednego jest najwyższym prawem, tam żadna trwała więź jednocząca istnieć nie może; jest państwo, ale nie ma ojczyzny.“ Nikita Panin - Dyskurs o zaniku w Rosji wszelkiej gormy rządów

„Wasza Cesarska Mość powinien ratować Europę, a może się to udać tylko w tym wypadku, jeśli przeciwstawi się pan Napoleonowi. Cywilizowany jest naród francuski, nie zaś jego władca. A zatem cesarz Rosji powinien się znaleźć w sojuszu z narodem francuskim.“ Talleyrand

„...o walecznych Legionach Polskich, ponieważ ci Polacy biją się jak diabli.“ Napoleon - grudzień 1797

Polacy są „ małostkowym narodem.“ Gen Narbonne

„Kocham Polaków na polu bitwy. Są oni waleczną rasą. Jeśli jednak chodzi o ich liberum veto, ich sejmy, odbywane konno i szablą w ręku, nie chcę mieć z tym nic wspólnego! W Polsce chcę mieć obóz, a nie forum. Wojna, którą zamierzam stoczyć z Aleksandrem, będzie szlachetną walką z użyciem 2 tys. dział i 500 tys. żołnierzy, ale bez żadnych insurekcji. Wszystko, czego chcę od Polski, to zdyscyplinowanej siły ludzkiej, którą mógł bym się posłużyć na polu bitwy.“ Napoleon

„Obaczę, jeżeli Polacy godni są być narodem.“ Napoleon

„Nie chcę wojny i nie chcę Polski.“ Napoelon 1811

„...słowa: Polska i Polacy znikły nie tylko ze wszystkich aktów politycznych, lecz nawet z historii.“ Napoleon

„Bez Moskwy Rosja przetrwa, bez armii musi zgodzić się na dyktat Napoleona.“ Barclay

„To barbazyńcy, czy oni naprawdę zamierzają to wszystko porzucić? To niemożliwe.“ Napoleon

„Ludy barbazyńskie są przesądne idee. Jeden srtaszliwy cios w samo serce imperium, w Moskwę Wielką, Moskwę Święta, podporządkuje mi w jednej chwili tę ślepą, bezładną masę.“ Napoleon

„After the Soviet Union invaded Poland, it killed 181 German spies. It is not true. It is a lie." Timothy Snyder

"Die lange Lehnabhängigkeit slawischer, insbesondere polischer Stämme wurde ebenson wie die ddeutsche Ostexpansion lange durch das Fehlen eines starken slawischen Sttates mitbedingt bzw- begünstigt." (Seite 96) Deutsche Geschichte 500-1152

„Naród niemeicki nie żywi wcale nienawiści i nie jest stawiony wrogo wobec narodu angielskiego i francuskiego. Stoi on jednak dziś wobec pytania, czy ma żyć, czy też zginąć.“ Adolf Hitler - 10 maja 1940

„Antysemityzm został zorganizowany przez samych syjonistów.“ Rafał Kałukin

„...władza nie powinna być dziedziczna, że to nadużycie. Musiałem użyć całej swej logiki i wymowy, aby dowieść, że to właśnie dziedziczenei tronu przynosi ludom spokój i szczęście.“ Napoleon na św. Heleny

„Kto kombinuje, żyje.“

"I am an aristocrat. I love liberty, I hate equality." John Randolph

„If men were angels, no government were necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself...A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.“ James Madison

„An American is the born enemy of all the peoples of Europe.“ French politician

"If you're young and not liberal, you have no heart. If you're old and not conservative, you have no mind."                                     Winston Churchill 

"A fanatic is one who can't change his mind and won't change the subject." Winston Churchill 

"You can't fix stupid." Winston Churchill 

„Take good care, over there, about any organization of Freemasons. You must already have been warned that it is by this road that all the monsters here hope to achieve the same ends in all countries. O God, protect my country and you from similar misfortunes.“ Marie Antoinette (p. 118)

"It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples." Hitler

 “All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles.”   Heinrich Himmler

“My dear son! By now we’ve been in the Fuehrerbunker for six days already, Daddy, your six little siblings and I, to give our national socialistic lives the only possible, honorable ending,” she wrote. “Harald, dear son, I want to give you what I learned in life: Be loyal! Loyal to yourself, loyal to the people and loyal to your country!” Magda Goebbels to her son Harald Quandt in her final letter to him 

Die lange Lehnsabhängigkeit slawischer, insbesondere polnischer Stämme wurde ebenso wie die deutsche Ostexpansion lange durch das Fehlen eines starken slawischen Staates mitbedingt bzw. begüngstigt. Deutsche Geschichte 500-1240 (Seite 96)

„Istnienie Polski jest nieznośne, nie do pogodzenia z warunkami życia Niemiec. Polska musi zniknąć i zniknie za sprawą własnej wewnętrznej słabości i za sprawą Rosji – z naszą pomocą. Wraz z Polską runie jeden z najsilniejszych fi lar.w traktatu wersalskiego, czyli hegemonia Francji. Osiągnięcie tego celu musi być jednym z podstawowych zadań niemieckiej polityki zagranicznej, i to zadaniem wykonalnym. Wykonalne jest to jedynie dzięki Rosji lub z jej pomocą. Rosja i Niemcy w granicach z 1914 r., na takim gruncie powinno dojść do porozumienia między dwoma krajami”. generał von Seeckt w tajnym memoriale z września 1922

„Polska musi zostać wykończona. Taki jest cel mojej polityki. (...) Z tego też powodu zawarłem układ w Rapallo”. kanclerz Joseph Wirth

“It is better to live one day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep.” Benito Mussolini

"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." Newton

"As with Zionism, anti-Semitism and fascism, it is inevitable that Islamophobia be considered a crime against humanity." Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan

"A mind needs books as a sword needs a whetstone, if it is to keep its edge." Tyrion Lannister

„The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic.“ Stalin 

"Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought.” John Paul II

"Germany will either be a world power, or there will be no Germany." Hitler Bloodlands (319)

"If the German people are not prepared to stand up for their own preservation, fine. Let them perish." Hitler Bloodlands (319)

“Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.”  Benjamin Franklin 

"The people is sublime, but individuals are weak. Nevertheless in a political torment, a revolutionary tempest, a rallying point is needed. The people in mass cannot govern itself." Robespierre The Twelve Who Ruled (33)

"Make terror the order of the day!" A new delegation during the French Revolution

"Let us not say that it is for France that we work; it is for humanity. In achieving our task we shall cover ourselves in an eternal glory. Far from us be the idea that France thirsts for blood, she thirsts only for justice!" Thuriot to the tribune (52)

"The provisional government of France is revolutionary until the peace." Article that the Convention passed in France in 1793